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War Department, ) 


Number 

A . G. O. j 

Military Information Division, j 

1. 


TIKE 


HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 



WITH 


MAPS AND CHARTS. 


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WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

February, 1893. 





























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THE 


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AIIAN 


ISLANDS. 


REPORT 


ON THE 


PHYSICAL FEATURES, PORTS OF LANDING, SUPPLIES, 

CLIMATE, DISEASES, ETC. 


COMPILED FROM THE BEST AVAILABLE SOURCES 


FOR THE 



INFORMATION OF THE ARMY. 

y y a -V ' Vi r • 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT P*' "TING OFFICE. 

1893. 






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CONTENTS 


Location, Distances from the Pacific Coast_ 

Communications with the United States_ 

Names, Areas_1_ 

General Physical Characteristics_ 

Soils___'_ 

Climates..______ 

Earthquakes_ 

Population, Characteristics, Religions, Education_ 

Laws, Military Forces, Police_ 

Language, Government_ 

Business, Currency, Finance, Commerce ...__ 

Products, Resources, Vegetation_ 

Industries__.... 

Diseases (other than Leprosy)_ 

Manner of Life, Clothing_ 

Individual Characteristics of Islands: 

Oahu_ 

Coast__ 

Interior_„_ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports, Honolulu_ 

Other than Honolulu 


Hawaii_ 

Coast__ 

Interior_ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports_ 

Maui_ 

Coast_ 

Interior___ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports_ 

Kauai--- 

Coast_... 

Interior_ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports- 

Molokai_ 

Coast ___ 

Interior_ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports_ 

Lanai_ 

Niihau_ 

Cities, Towns, and Ports... 

Kahulaui_ 

Kaula_ 

Lenua-- 

Molokini_ 

Communications- 

Railroads_ 

Roads_ 

Telegraphs, Telephones.. 

Inter Island Steamers and Vessels 
Leprosy-- 


8 


Page. 

- 5 

5 
5 

5 

.. 6 

6 

.. 8 

.. 8-9 
.. 10 
.. 10 
.. 11 
.. 12 
_ 12 
.. 12 
.. 18 

. 15 

.. 15 

. 15 

16-19 
. 19 

. 20 
. 20 
. 20 
21-24 
. 24 
. 24 
. 24 

. 25 

. 26 
. 26 
. 26 
. 27 
. 28 
. 28 
. 28 
. 29 

. 29 
. 29 
. 30 
. 30 
. 30 

. 30 
. 30 
. 31 
. 31 
. 82 
. 32 
. 32 
32-34 





















































4 


Page. 

Appendix I—Tonnage and Measurements of Steamers, United States to Honolulu__35 

Hawaiian Registered Vessels_35-36 

Postal Service_____36-37 

Appendix II—Overland Distances, Islands of Oahu and Hawaii_39-42 

List of Authorities Quoted__________43 

Maps and Charts —A. Naval chart of the Pacific and Western Atlantic_ 

B. General chart of the Hawaiian Group_ 

C. Map of the Island of Oahu_____ 

I). Map of the Island of Hawaii_ 

E. Map of the Island of Maui_ 

F. Map of the Island of Kauai___'______ 














REPORT 


ON 

THE H AAVAll AN ISLANDS. 


The Hawaiian islands lie betAveen parallels i8°5o / and 23°5 / north latitude, and between 
meridians i54°4o / and i5i 0 5o' west from Greenwich. A line drawn through the axis of the 
group would approximate roughly the segment of a circle convex towards the northeast; the 
chord connecting the most widely separated points would have a length of about four hundred 
statute miles. 

Honolulu, the capital and chief city, lies 2,080 miles from San Francisco; approximately 
3,800 miles from Auckland; 4,500 miles from Sydney; and 4,800 miles from Hongkong. 

Mean time Honolulu noon is equivalent to ioh. 31m. 26s. Greenwich mean time. 

COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES. 

San Francisco to Honolulu. —The Australia of the Oceanic Steamship Company and the Zea- 
landia (W. J. Irwin) leave San Francisco and return every other Tuesday. 

The Oceanic Steamship Company’s steamers Alameda, Mariposa-, and the Union Steamship 
Company’s steamer Monowai, leave San Francisco for New Zealand via Honolulu once a month. 
Time — San Francisco to Honolulu, seven days. 

Sailing vessels, with good passenger accommodations, run regularly from San Francisco 
to Honolulu. 

Sailing time .— San Francisco to Honolulu, ten to eighteen days. (See Appendix I.) 

Pacific mail steamers, San Francisco to China and Japan, stop at Honolulu every other 

trip. 

“A new company sends its first steamer this month (February, 1893) from Tacoma and 
Seattle to Honolulu. Steamers of the Occidental and Oriental line to China and Japan [N. 
Y. Tribune, February 16] are due to stop at Honolulu.” 

Steamers of the Oceanic and Pacific Mail companies are under the United States flag. 
(See Appendix 1.) 


POSITION, AREAS, AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 

The strategic value of the islands and their geographical position are indicated on the 
accompanying chart (A). In general the islands are mountainous, covered with verdure, and 
in parts, especially of Haiwaii, possessing very considerable areas of forest whose vegetation 
is that of the tropics. 




5 



6 


The Hawaiian group is composed of eight inhabited, and of four uninhabited, islands. 
[Chart B.] The names and dimensions of the inhabited islands are: 



NAME. 


Length. 

Breadth. 

Area. 




.1 Hies. 

Miles. 

Square Miles. 
3,950 

Hawaii 



90 

74 

Oahu .. _ . . _ 

46 

25 

530 

Maui ___ - _ _ 

48 

30 

620 

Kauai __ _ 

25 

22 

500 

Molokai . __ _ 

40 

7 

190 

Lanai 

17 

9 

100 

Niihau_ 



20 ; 

7 

90 

Kahulaui - 


— 

11 

8 

60 


The first five of these islands contain the bulk of the population as well as the chief 
industries. 

Three of the four uninhabited islands of the group are Kaula, Lenua, and Molokini. 

The total area of the inhabited islands is about six thousand and forty square miles. 

“All of these islands are volcanic. No other rocks than volcanic are found upon any of. 
them excepting a few remnants of raised sea beaches composed of consolidated coral sands. 
All the larger ones are very mountainous.” 

“ The culminating points of the island Hawaii are Mauna Kea, 13,900 feet, and Mauna 
Loa, 13,700 feet,” the highest points of the group. 

“ In general the island group consists of the summits of a gigantic submarine mountain 
chain, projecting its loftier peaks and domes above the water.” * 

On the island of Hawaii the volcanic forces are still in operation; on the other islands 
they are extinct. 

None of the mountains are of sufficient height to reach the line of eternal snow. 

SOIL. 

“Only a small proportion of the area of the islands is capable of sustaining a dense popu¬ 
lation. The most habitable tracts are near the seacoast and only a part or even a small part 
of these are really fertile. 

“The interior portions are mountainous and craggy, with a thin soiL, admirable in a few 
localities for pasturage, but unfit for agriculture. 

“ Many parts of the shore belt are arid and almost barren. Others are covered with lavas 
too recent to have permitted the formation of soil, and still others are trenched with ravines 
so deep and abrupt that access is difficult. 

“ Deep rich soils at altitudes adapted to the growth of the sugar cane probably form less 
than the fortieth part of the entire area. 

“Shallower soils, however, are a little more extensive and yield other crops of tropical 
staples in abundance.” 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of the Hawaiian islands is warm but salubrious, the temperature equable, and 
the sky usually clear. In the shade it is never hot and is seldom chilly, and there is so little 
humidity in the air that it is rarely sweltering, though during the months of January, Feb- 

* See Hawaiian volcanoes, Captain C. E. Dutton, U. 8. A. Captain (now Major) Dutton adds: “Mauna Loa 
and Mauna Kea, referred to their true bases at the bottom of the Pacific, are therefore mountains not far from 
30,000 feet in height.” Major Dutton is frequently quoted in the following paragraphs relating to the physical 
characteristics of the islands. 

























7 


ruary, and March the wind blows strongly from the southwest, and the atmosphere is damp 
and unpleasant. After such seasons, the arid westerly slopes are clothed with verdure, and 
the capacity of the pastures vastly increased. 

“Upon the islands themselves it may be said that the^s are almost as many climates as 
there are square leagues, and the differences of climatic conditions, exhibited by localities 
separated only half a dozen miles, are extreme. 

“As a general rule the windward sides are excessively rainy, the precipitation frequently 
exceeding 200 inches in a year. The leeward sides are generally arid, but to this there are 
some striking exceptions; whenever the land barrier is low enough to permit the trade winds 
to blow over it, the lee of the barrier is invariably dry, and sometimes is as parched and 
barren as the sage plains of the Rocky mountains; the winds throw down their moisture 
copiously as they rise to the dividing crest, and descend hot and dry; but when the barrier 
is lofty enough to effectually oppose the drift of the air, the lee becomes subject to the simple 
alternation of daily land and sea breeze. As the sea breeze comes in and ascends the slope^ 
it sends down rain; as the land breeze floats downward and outward, it is dry and clear. 

“The sea breeze sets in a little before noon, and the land breeze goes out a little before 
midnight. 

“Relatively to human comfort, the climate is perfection. It is never hot, and at moderate 
altitudes it is never cold. The heat of summer is never sufficient to bring lassitude, and labor 
out of doors is far more tolerable than in the summer of New England or Minnesota.” 

Where the mountains are low, as in Oahu, the rains extend over them and maintain copi¬ 
ous streams for irrigation of the leeward lands where little rain falls. Very much more rain 
falls on the windward northeast sides of the large islands. At Hilo in Hawaii as much as 20 
feet has been measured in one year. At Honolulu the mean annual rainfall for five years 
ending 1877 varied from 32.30 to 46.40 inches, giving an average of 38 inches. 

Hurricanes and typhoons are said to be infrequent. There is, however, at Kawaihae in 
the island of Hawaii, a wind called the mumuka which rushes violently down between the 
mountains, and is dangerous to shipping. When hurricanes occur on the island of Maui, 
great damage to the sugar crop ensues. 

The temperature varies from 55 0 in winter to 70 0 in summer for the early mornings, and 
attains an average maximum of 75 0 in the winter and 85° in the summer, for afternoon heats. 

There is no rapid, sudden change; cold or hot waves are unknown. 

During the heat of the day the sun-heated lava and rocks create a strong draught, loaded 
with vapor from the ocean; this vapor, at 2,000 feet elevation, forms a contimious cloud bank, 
covering the mountains. 

Hail sometimes falls in the vicinity of Hawaii. 

Table from Pacific Coast Commercial Record showing temperatures in Honolulu: 


Maximum temperature for 1891 in Honolulu- 89° 

Minimum temperature for 1891 in Honolulu- 54° 

Maximum daily range of the year---22° 

A\^rage weekly maximum from July 1st to October 1st--- 86° 








8 


Table from “Vistas of Hawaii” showing temperature for 1890: 


DATE. 

6 a. m. 

1 p. m. 

9 p. m. 

January 7 _ _ _ _ . 

67° 

77° 

69° 

February 4_ . - - - - 

68 

72 

69 

March 4_ _. _ 

66 

76 

69 

April 1_ _ 

67 

78- 

71 

Alay 6 _ _ _ 

69 

78 

70 

June 3... .... ..... . ...... 

73 

78 

74 

July 1__ ... __ 

73 

82 

75 

August 5._ . _ . _ 

72 

84 

75 

September 2 ..... ....._ 

72 

83 

75 

October 7_ . ... ... _ . 

75 

81 

76 

November 4_ ... .... 

71 

80 

72 

December2. ... _ . _ 

69 

78 

72 

| 


From the above, it is evident that the climate of the Hawaiian islands is in general that 
of a mild summer. The hottest months are July and August, when the thermometer some¬ 
times rises to 90 0 , but this is considered unusual. Frost is unknown; rains are warm; and 
the days and nights are of so nearly the same temperature that little daily change of clothing 
is necessary. 

EARTHQUAKES. 


Earthquakes are of common occurrence in the islands, but they usually have their center 
of disturbance in Hawaii. In the islands to the northwestward the shocks are infrequent and 
feeble. The shocks are seldom of a very alarming or destructive character ; but small or 
moderate tremors, are frequent. 


POPULATION. 

The total population of the Hawaiian islands in 1890* was 89,990, of which 58,714 are 
males, 31,276 females. 

Latest Official Census of the Hazuaiian Islands. 

(Taken December 28, 1890.) 


BY DISTRICTS AND ISLANDS. 


HAWAII. 


Hilo_ 9,935 

Puna_ 834 

Kau_ 2,577 

North Kona_ 1,753 

South Kona_ 1,812 

North Kohala__- 4,303 

South Kohala_ 538 

Hamakua_ 5,002 


26, 754 

MAUI. 

Lahaina_ 2,113 

AVailuku_ 6,708 

Hana_ 3,270 

Makawoo_ 5,266 


17,357 

Molokai ___ 2,632 


Lanai__ 174 

OAHU. 

Honolulu- 22,907 

Ewa- 2,155 

AVaianae_ 903 

AA r aialua- 1,286 

Koolauloa_ l, 444 

Koolaupoko_____ 2,499 


31,194 

♦ KAUAI. • 

AVaimea- 2,523 

Niihau_ 216 

Koloa- 1,755 

Kawaihau_ 2,101 

Hanalei- 2,472 

Lihue..-- 2,792 


11,859 


* Statesman’s Year Book, 1893. 




























































9 

BY NATIONALITY.— 1890 AND 1884 COMPARED. 


1890. 1884. 

Natives--.... 34,436 40,014 

Half-castes. _ 6,186 4,218 

Chinese- 15,301 17,937 

Americans- 1,928 2,066 

Hawaiian-born, foreign par. 7,495 2,040 

Japanese- 12,360 116 


Total Population, 1890, 89,990. 



1890. 

1884. 

Norwegian... . _ 

227 

392 

Britons.. _ 

.. 1,344 

1,282 

Portuguese..__ 

. _ 8,602 

9,377 

Germans. . .. __ 

.. 1,034 

1,600 

French ___ ... 

70 

192 

Other foreigners.. 

419 

416 

Polynesian . . .. . 

588 

956 

Total Population, 

1884, 80,578. 



Population by Nationality and Sex of the Hawaiian Islands , and also of the Principal Township Districts. 


(Compiled from the latest census, 1880.) 


Nationalities. 

Honolulu, 

Oahu. 

Wailuku, 

Maui. 

Lahaina, 

Maui. 

Ililo, 

Hawaii. 

Lihue, 

Kauai. 

Population 

whole 

islands. 

Natives, males. _ . 

4,494 

1,260 

687 

1,076 

411 

18,364 

“ females ___ ... ... . 

4, 068 

1, 178 

599 

900 

310 

16,072 

Half-castes, males .. 

1,257 

267 

199 

175 

49 

3, 085 

“ females_ 

1,346 

248 

• 101 

189 

61 

3,101 

Chinese, males _. .. ... 

3, 950 

1,202 

89 

1,264 

347 

14,552 

“ females . .. ... ... 

457 

• 33 

5 

19 

9 

779 

Hawaiian-born, foreign parents,males.. _ . .. 

1,250 

254 

41 

537 

203 

3, 909 

“ “ females.. _ 

1,236 

215 

39 

513 

177 

3, 586 

Americans, males. . ... .. _ 

767 

65 

15 

90 

11 

1,298 

“ females __ _ . 

431 

23 

11 

27 

7 

630 

British, males... . _ _ . . 

529 

53 

7 

68 

8 

982 

“ females __.... 

267 

5 

4 

16 

2 

362 

Germans, males _ ....._ ..... 

261 

29 

7 

27 

163 

729 

“ females_ .... .. _ 

105 

5 


7 

108 

305 

French, males ....... _ ..... 

25 

7 


4 

46 

“ females .. .... ... . .... 

23 





24 

Portuguese, males. .... ..... 

933 

402 

29 

869 

237 

4,770 

“ females. ... . ... _ 

799 

326 

24 

686 

195 

3,832 

Japanese, males. .. __ .. _ 

277 

842 

249 

2, 703 

363 

10,079 

“ females. ..._ _ _ 

111 

183 

40 

708 

60 

2,281 

Norwegians, males _ .... _ ... 

55 

31 



6 

155 

“ females . .. _ _ 

21 

11 



6 

72 

Polynesians, males .. _ .. ... 

49 

22 

33 

22 

23 

404 

“ females .. .. . ... 

23 

14 

15 

8 

17 

184 

All others, males ... ... ... _ . .. 

151 

36 

7 

27 

16 

371 

“ females ... .. . .. _ _. 

22 

32 

2 


3 

48 








Totals.. _ . . . . 

22, 907 

6 , 708 

2,113 

9, 935 

2, 792 

89,990 


CHARACTERISTICS, RELIGION, EDUCATION. 

The natives are a good-tempered, light-hearted, pleasure-loving people. Tf is probable 
that little difficulty is found in governing them as, of themselves, they are not raplined to 
turbulence, nor disposed to revolt against any form of government. Like children, they are 
easily led and controlled. Even when the Hawaiian islands were discovered, the people were 
by no means savages, but had an organized state of society. After discovery, civilization 
made progress as rapidly, it is said, with these people as with the Japanese; and, in twenty- 
five years after the landing of the missionaries ( 1820 ), the whole people had, in a great meas¬ 
ure, become Americanized. But to-day, except politically as the one-time owners of the 
islands, the natives are but an unimportant element of the people and their consent or 
16796— 2 








































































10 


opposition could have but little influence upon the course of events. They are a peace-loving 
race, and, in a military sense, are not worth consideration, but they are brave individually 
and make, it is said, excellent seamen. Little resistance could be anticipated from them 
even in defense of their country. 

RELIGION. 

All forms of religion are tolerated. According to the latest statistics there are: 


Protestants_ 29,685 

Roman Catholics_ 20,072 

Mormons_ 8,576 

Hebrews, less than*_ 100 


EDUCATION. 

Education is general— 

There are 178 schools, with 10,000 pupils, of whom 5,559 are natives and 1,573 half-castes. 
In 1890-92 $326,922 was allotted for public instruction. (Sum allotted for public instruction, 
1892-94, $2x0,600. Statesman’s Year Book, 1893.) 

LAWS. 

The laws are modeled on those of the United States. There is a supreme court of justice, 
and, in addition, circuit judges and justices of the peace. 

MILITARY FORCES AND POLICE. 

The military forces authorized by law consist of the household guards, fixed at sixty-five 
men. It is reported that all but sixteen of these men have been discharged, that number 
being retained as a guard for the deposed queen (February, 1893). Volunteer military 
organizations are prohibited by law. 

There is also an organized police force. 

LANGUAGE. 

The language is very largely made up of vowels, giving to the spoken tongue a,pleasant 
liquid sound somewhat difficult to acquire. The consonants all have the English sound, the 
vowels that of the German vowels, except i, which is the same as the German ie. There are 
no silent letters in the written Hawaiian language. 

English is very generally spoken throughout the group. 

GOVERNMENT. 

Under the great chief Kamehameha the islands of the Hawaiian group became consoli¬ 
dated into a kingdom about the beginning of the present century, and continued, with occa¬ 
sional interference from European powers, as an independent nation under the x'ule of the 
descendents of the first great chief. 

At the beginning of the present year the government was a constitutional monarchy, ruled 
by a queen aided by a cabinet consisting of four ministers and by a legislature composed of 
twenty-four members of the house of nobles and twenty-four repi'esentatives. These, with 
the ministers, made a total of fifty-two. Members of both houses were elected by popular 
vote. An educational qualification was necessary for all voters, and a property qualifica¬ 
tion for electors for nobles. In January of this year the revolution occurred which resulted 
in the present provisional government. 






I 


11 


BUSINESS. 

Business is almost entirely carried on by foreigners, principally Americans, British, Ger¬ 
mans, and Chinamen. Many of the principal offices are filled by foreigners, or by native born 
whites. 

CURRENCY. 

Gold and silver coins of all nations are current as legal tender at real or nominal value. 
From 1884, only United States gold coins have been legal tender for more than $10; no paper 
money exists excepting in form of treasury certificates for coin deposited. 

FINANCE.* 

The budget is (was) voted for a biennial period. The following table shows the revenue 
and expenditures in dollars for the last five financial periods: 



1882-84. 

1884-86. 

1886-88. 

1888-90. 

1890-92. 

Revenue _ 

Expenditures _ 

$3, 092,085 
2,216, 406 

$3,010, 655 

2, 988, 722 

$4,812, 576 
4,712, 285 

$3,632,197 

3, 250, 510 

$4, 408, 033 

4,095,891 


The revenue is largely derived from customs ($1,204,305, 1890-92) and internal taxes 
($963,495, 1890-92), while the largest item of expenditure was for the interior ($1,641,848, 


1890-92). The debt, March 1892, was: 

Bonded debt...$2,314,000 

Due depositors’ Postal Savings Bank. 903,162 

Interest varies from 5 to 12 per cent. 


COMMERCE—EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 

Sugar and rice are the staple industries, while coffee, hides, bananas, and wool are also 
exported. 

The following table shows the commerce (in thousands of dollars) and shipping for five 
years:__ 



Imports. 

Native 

exports. 

Customs 

receipts. 

Ships 

entered. 

Tonnage. 

1887_ 

1,000 dolls. 
$4,944 

1,000 dolls. 
$9,435 

1,000 dolls. 
$595 

254 

210,703 

1888_ 

4, 541 

11,631 

546 

246 

221,148 

1889___ 

5,439 

14,040 

550 

288 

223,567 

1890_ 

6,962 

13,143 

696 

295 

230,120 

1891_ 

7,439 

10,259 

660 

310 

284,155 


The chief exports in 1891, were: 


Sugar. lbs.. 274,983,580 

Rice. lbs.. 4,900,450 

Bananas.bunches.. 116,660 

Wool.lbs.. 97 ,h 9 


The imports are mainly groceries, provisions, clothing, grain, timber, machinery, hard¬ 
ware, and cotton goods. 

Ninety-one per cent, of the trade is with the United^States.* 


* Statesman’s Year Book, 1893. 




















































12 


PRODUCTS, RESOURCES, VEGETATION. 

Besides sugar and rice, the staple products, coffee, bananas, oranges, and other fruits, are 
largely grown. Food products are abundant, especially of the kind suitable to a hot climate. 

The native food consists largely of the taro plant, of which the best varieties are grown 
in shallow ponds of fresh water. It is stated that about forty square feet of taro will yield 
enough to supply one man for a year, this being his principal food. From this plant is made 
the poi, which is the ordinary food of the Kanaka. 

The sweet potato grows even amongst the rocks and flourishes abundantly in good soil, 
while the common potato sometimes grows well, though is often injured by worms. 

Wheat and corn are grown; the former was once cultivated for export. Flour is made, 
but it is said that the islands now receive all their cereal products from California. 

The quality of the coffee raised is said to be equal to the choicest. 

The climate is also very favorable to the growth of the long staple sea island cotton, but 
as this variety must be picked by hand, the high price of labor in the islands renders its culture 
unprofitable. 

Tropical fruits of nearly all kinds grow in the greatest abundance, the orange, lemon, lime, 
mango, pineapple, chirimoya or custard apple, the alligator pear, pomegranate, and guava, all 
of which are exotic. 

The banana is indigenous, and is the most abundant of all fruits; besides it, there are the 
ohia apple—a fruit peculiar to the Pacific islands, soft, juicy, and mildly acid—many varieties 
of palms, the choicest trees of India, the caoutchouc, the papaya, the traveler’s tree of Mada¬ 
gascar, and other foreign plants. 

INDUSTRIES. 

“ The chief industry of the islands is the cultivation of sugar cane. For this the soil 
(although the area is limited) seems better adapted than any other in the world. The yield 
will average about five thousand pounds of sugar to the acre, and choice fields sometimes 
yield twice that amount. Large amounts of American capital have been invested in the 
plantations and in the accessory commerce.” 

Large flocks of sheep and herds of cattle are found. These animals are raised chiefly for 
their wool and hides. On the island of Lanai great flocks of sheep pasture, while in Hawaii 
considerable numbers of wild cattle are still found in the mountains;* wild goats and wild 
hogs also exist in great numbers, and it is said that wild horses and asses are also found. 

DISEASES (OTHER THAN LEPROSY). 

It is asserted that diseases, other than leprosy, are not as troublesome as in most places 
considered healthful. Malarial fevers are thought to be infrequent, nevertheless in the 
monthly table (March, 1891), the greatest number of deaths for the year, eighty-nine, is re¬ 
corded as due to “ fever.” 

Consumption (probably imported cases) comes next with seventy-four. “ Old age ” next 
with fifty-nine. Amongst the other more important causes of death are diarrhoea twenty-nine, 
dysentery fifteen From diseases of the liver but two died, while twenty-five died of disease 
of the heart. 

From this it would seem that the diseases common to the tropics—fever and stomach 
troubles, are to be guarded against. Rheumatism is prevalent in many of the damper locali¬ 
ties; smallpox occasionally appears; and measles has on one or two occasions carried off many 
of the natives, owing to their manner of life, but this disease is now easily controlled when 
it makes its appearance. Lung and chest troubles are almost unknown to natives of the 
islands. In fact the Hawaiian islands are regions of unusual healthfulness. 


* Descended from the animals introduced by Vancouver in 1792. 




13 


The general health of the natives is steadily improving; leprosy, now largely under 
medical control, is gradually being stamped out. (See Leprosy.) 

MANNER OF LIFE, CLOTHING. 

The whites live, of course, much as they live at home, and usually in well constructed 
houses of European style. The natives live as a rule in grass huts, upon native food, largely 
taro and fruit, and wear clothing of light cotton stuff, a straw hat, but shoes rarely. 

Woolens are not in general use, but very light flannels are recommended for strangers at 
all seasons. 

At night blankets are rarely needed, but a light blanket is often comfortable. Houses 
have no fireplaces. 

For troops, clothing for all seasons should be light flannel drawers and shirts, wide straw 
hats, or helmets, and the light quality of outer garments issued to troops on the southern 
stations. 

Ample tentage should be provided for use in localities where heavy and sudden rainfalls 
are frequent, and light blankets should be carried. 

The ration should be suited to the requirements of a warm climate. 





INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EIGHT INHABITED ISLANDS 

OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 


ISLAND OF OAHU (Map C). 

This island has the form of an irregular quadrangle; it lies twenty-three miles north¬ 
west of the nearest island of the group, Molokai. Length about forty-six, breadth about twenty 
five miles. 

Oahu, though not the largest, is the most important of the Hawaiian group, as it contains 
Honolulu, the capital, chief seaport, and principal city. 

Coast .—The greater part of the island is surrounded by a coral reef often half a mile wide. 

The windward side of the island presents a gigantic cliff hardly accessible, except at one 
point reached by a road cut with great labor from the mountain side; but the leeward side 
descends from the mountain to the sea in very moderate slopes deeply cut by ravines. 

The northeastern coast of the island is generally a rugged plateau descending by gentle 
slopes to the water. When viewed from the ocean, this coast appears to be formed of detached 
hills rising steeply and covered with woods. The intervening valleys are fertile and well 
cultivated. From the southeast extremity of the island, called Makapuu point, to the Mo- 
kapu peninsula, the coast is often marked by scattered islets and rocks; and beyond, the 
peninsula is indented by a considerable bay extending to Kaoio point; thence to Kahuku, the 
northern point of Oahu. Along this part of the coast is a narrow strip of land, varying from 
a half to two miles in breadth, only a few feet above the level of the sea. It is very fertile, 
and has a gradual ascent to the foot of the mountains. 

From Kahuku to the village of Waimea lies a level plain from two to six miles wide, and 
but slightly above the level of the sea. It is a good pasture, and at many of its frequent holes 
and crevices may be seen streams of clear and cool fresh water making their subterranean 
way from the mountains to the outlets in the sea below low-water mark. 

The southwest side of the island is composed chiefly of craggy mountains, some descend¬ 
ing abruptly to the sea, others terminating a small distance from it; thence a low border of 
land extends to a shore formed by sandy beaches, bounded by rocks on which the surf beats 
heavily. 

The southwest extremity is Laeloa, or Barber point; thence the shore continues low, flat, 
and covered with bushes to the entrance of Pearl river, about twelve miles from Honolulu. 

Some of the land in this vicinity is of extreme fertility. 

Interior .—Two parallel ranges of hills traverse Oahu from southeast to northwest, sepa¬ 
rated by a low plain. The highest point is Kaula, 4,060 feet, in the west range. The east range 
is much longer than the other, and its ridge is very broken ; lateral spurs extend from many 
ravines on the land side; but for thirty miles on the other side the range presents to the sea a 
nearly vertical wall without a break. There are few craters in the loftier heights, volcanic 
activity seems to have ceased; but several groups of small cones with craters some of lava some 
of tufa, exist. Valleys are numerous, with lateral ravines, in which water courses and cascades 
are found. 

A chain of mountains rises near the center of the east part of the island to 3,175 feet, and 
descends near the middle into the Ewa plain, which divides this range from the distant and 

15 



16 


elevated mountains that rise in a line parallel with the southwest shore. The Ewa divide lies 
five miles west of Honolulu. This Ewa plain is nearly twenty miles in length from Pearl river 
to Waialua, and in some parts is nine or ten miles across; its soil is fertile, and watered by a 
number of rivulets running along deep water courses emptying into the sea. 

Plaiti of Honolulu.—This plain is some ten miles in length, and in some parts two miles in 
width from the sea to the foot of the mountains. 

The whole plain is covered with rich, alluvial soils, in places two or three feet deep. 
Under this lie volcanic ashes and cinders fourteen to sixteen feet deep, resting on a stratum of 
solid non-volcanic rock, a kind of sediment deposited by the sea, in which branches of white 
coral, bones of fish and animals, and several varieties of marine shells have been found. A 
number of wells have been dug to a depth of twelve to thirteen feet in the substratum of 
rock, always reaching good clear water, which, though free from salt or brackish taste, rises 
and falls with the tide. 

Inland from Waikiki, near Honolulu, and reached by the Punahou road, lies the Manoa 
valley, whose upper portion divides into numerous canons. 

There is a broad valley called Nuuanu, bounded by a mountain wall twenty miles in 
length, which rises from the green, rolling plain below. 

Less than five miles from Honolulu, in a westerly direction, lies the valley of Moanalua. 
Here are fine rice fields, cocoanut groves, and fish ponds. 

In the district of Waianae the bases of the mountain lie farther from the sea and a nar¬ 
row valley, presenting a fertile and cultivated aspect, seems to wind for some distance through 
hills. 

In the Waialua bay district the soil is sandy and poor, but a short distance inshore an 
agreeable change takes place. 


CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, OAHU. 

Honolulu. 

Honolulu is the capital and principal port of the Hawaiian islands, and is situated on the 
south side of Oahu, on a narrow plain at the foot of the eastern range of mountains. 

The aspect of the country around Honolulu, as seen from the roads, is barren; and the 
plain on which the town stands is destitute of verdure. This plain extends east and west 
from the town, while behind it the land rises gradually towards the Nuuanu valley. Several 
crater-shaped hills are in sight, one of which, named Punch Bowl hill, 498 feet high, lies close 
to the northeast side of the town. 

The central part of Honolulu consists of regularly laid out streets, on either side of 
which stand houses and warehouses of European style, frequently placed within spacious, 
enclosed gardens. The outer portions of the town are chiefly composed of grass huts inhabited 
by natives. Honolulu would probably burn easily to the ground. 

Amongst the principal buildings are the spacious government houses, in which all the 
public offices are enclosed ; the king’s palace ; a fort; two hospitals ; several churches and 
chapels belonging to the different religious denominations; a customhouse; sailors’ home; and 
several schools. 

Hospitals .—There is a quarantine hospital on the west side of the harbor, and a good gen¬ 
eral hospital to which sailors and others are admitted at $1.25 per diem. 

Shops .—There are foundries, workshops, and shipyards where considerable repairs can 
be effected. 

Patent slip .—A patent slip has been constructed by the government on the east side of the 
harbor opposite the outer lighthouse. This slip can take a vessel of 1,700 tons. 



17 


The harbor is formed by an opening in the coral reef, about one hundred and fifty yards 
wide at the entrance and three hundred yards wide off the town, and rather more than 
a mile in length. Though small it is capable of accommodating a good number of vessels. 
Depth on bar is thirty feet. 

Wharves .—The railway crosses the flats on the north side of the harbor and terminates at 
two wharves, with nineteen feet of water alongside each of them. The west wharf is used by 
ships. 

There is in the harbor altogether 1,900 feet of wharf frontage, with a depth of twenty-one 
and a half feet, and seven hundred feet with depths of from seventeen to nineteen feet, and 
about 1,200 feet with less depth. 

Tides .—The tidal streams are regular, running six hours each way. The flood is to the 
westward. Springs rise from two and a half to three feet. 

Supplies .—Supplies of all kinds are plentiful. Beef, mutton, fowls, eggs, vegetables, and 
fruit can be obtained at moderate prices. 

Water can be procured from the shore in a tank. It is good, but very expensive, even in 
the inner anchorage being $2.50 a ton. This for ships. 

Implements and building materials (with the exception of timber, which is good and mod¬ 
erate in price) are excessively costly in Honolulu. The demand for, and sale of, articles 
required for the equipment of ships have greatly diminished. 

Probably material for repair of arms, equipments, and munitions of troops could be 
obtained with difficulty, or not at all. 

Water and lighting .—Honolulu has an abundant supply of excellent water—pure, free from 
limestone or alkali, soft, and adapted to all the uses of the city. It is brought from reser¬ 
voirs at the upper end of the lovely Nuuanu valley, and conveyed by pipes through the busi¬ 
ness and principal residence districts. The city is lighted by electricity, the power for the 
generation of which is derived from the reservoirs referred to. Both the water and lighting 
systems are controlled by the government. 

Coal .—Welsh or Australian coal of good quality can be obtained from European firms. 
About 15,000 tons is the quantity generally kept in stock. 

Climate .—The climate of Honolulu is generally very pleasant and healthful, especially when 
the northeast trade wind prevails. The southerly and southwesterly winds are called by the 
natives the “sick winds,” because they are followed by small ailments, gastric maladies, and 
intermittent fevers, as is the case with the sirocco in Europe. 

The following table * gives meteorological observations taken at Honolulu, 1876: 


MONTHS. 

Mean thermometer. 

Rain days. 

Prevailing winds. 

January_ 

Noon. 

78 

Midnight. 

70 

16 

NE. force 8 maximum. 

February_ 

78 

69 

10 

NE. “ 3 average. 

S. “ 3, calm at night. 

NE. “ 4, light at night. 

NE. “ 4. 

March _ _ 

75 

72 

15 

April_ _ 

77 

71 

15 

May__ 

79 

72 

11 

J une_ 

80 

73 

5 

NE. “ 3. 

July... 

80 

75 

13 

NE., calm at night. 

NE. 

August_ 

si n 

81 

75 

15 

September_ 

75 

5 

NE., 21 days. 

SE., 9 days. 


16796-3 


* Pacific Islands. Sailing Directions. Admiralty. 





















18 


The barometer generally falls below 30 during southerly winds. 

Population. —Honolulu has a population of twenty-three or twenty-four thousand, of various 
nationalities, consisting principally of whites, natives, Chinese, and Portuguese. Of these 
the whites are the controlling element in commercial, manufacturing, and general affairs? 
though there are several business houses in the hands of the Chinese. The Portuguese are 
chiefly engaged in manual labor. 

The most intelligent class of Hawaiians are employed in government or commercial posi¬ 
tions ; of the lower classes of the natives, some are laborers ; others exist by fishing, farming, 
and various occupations. 

Of the whites, Americans or those of American descent largely predominate in numbers 
and influence, though those of German and British extraction are very prominent. 

Horses , carriages , etc .—Hacks are very common in Honolulu. They are stationed at the 
corners of all the main thoroughfares, and the fare to any part of the city is 25 cents. The 
horses in use are said to be superior to those of many large cities. There are four livery 
stables, well equipped with saddle and carriage animals. 

Hotels .—The Royal Hawaiian has accommodations for one hundred and fifty guests, elec¬ 
tric lights, electric bells, water from artesian wells; Eagle hotel; Arlington; Waikiki Villa, 
at Waikiki, three miles from Honolulu, connected by tram cars from Honolulu. 

Tram cars. —About twelve or fourteen miles of tram-car lines exist. These cars are drawn 
by mules or horses. The cars are of American make. 

Telephones. —There is said to be an excellent system of telephonic communication; two 
companies ; rates low ; thirteen hundred telephones in use. 

Public buildings. —Iolani Palace, in King street, said to have cost $500,000. 

Aliiolani Hall, the main government building, in which the legislature meets. 

The Queen’s Hospital, intended for the relief of afflicted Hawaiians of both sexes, gratis. 

The Opera House, seating capacity one thousand. 

The Lunalilo Home, a home for aged Hawaiians. 

The Insane Asylum, from fifty to seventy-five inmates. 

The Oahu Jail. Prisoners are required to do road work and other labor in and around 
Honolulu. 

The Fish Market. 

The Royal Mausoleum. 

Honolulu Free Library, contains ten thousand volumes, on general subjects"' 

Young Men’s Christian Association building. 

Post Office building. 

Police Station House for the reception of petty offenders. 

Curre?itpublications. —Pacific Commercial Advertiser, frequency of publication unknown. 

The Hawaiian Gazette, a weekly publication. 

The Kuokoa, a weekly publication. 

The Bulletin, an evening daily. 

Ka Leo, native, daily and weekly. 

Holomua, native, weekly. 

Elele, native, weekly. 

Monthly publications. —The Friend, The Anglican Churchman, The Planter’s Monthly, The 
Paradise of the Pacific. 

A Tourist’s Guide is issued annually. 

The Hawaiian Annual. 

The Hawaiian Gazette Publishing Company possesses a very complete printing establish¬ 
ment. 


19 


Manufacturing. —Honolulu Iron Works, incorporated 1877. Number of hands employed, 
usually about two hundred. This institution is said to be equipped with excellent appliances 
in all its departments. 

Honolulu Steam Rice Mills. —Large quantities of rice milled for home and foreign use. 

Hawaiian Carriage Manufacturing Company. — Manufacture to order and attend to all kinds 
of repairing; deal in and keep on hand wagonmakers’ supplies. 

Hopper s Planing Mill and Iron Works. —Extensive plant, said to execute all kinds of work 
in wood and iron. 

Enterprise Planing Mill. —Sash, doors, etc. 

Lucas Bros. —Sash, doors, etc. 

Hawaiian Gazette. —Bookbinding, etc. 

Press Publishing Company. —Well equipped printing house. 

Tahiti Lemonade Works. —For manufacture of all kinds of aerated waters. 

Another establishment of the same kind. 

The usual number of blacksmith and wagon shops, cooperages, etc. 

Banking houses. —Bishop & Co.; Claus Spreckels & Co., whose California correspondent is 
the Anglo-California bank. 

The mercantile houses are numerous. 

CITIES OF OAHU (OTHER THAN HONOLULU). 

Kanehoe , in the Kulau district, the principal place on its side of the island, situated near 
Waialai harbor, just beneath the Pali, back of Honolulu. No details of settlement. The cli¬ 
mate here is cooler by a few degrees than on the leeward side, and frequent showers keep up 
the verdure. 

Waialua, a large village, lies at the northern end of the plain which separates the two 
ranges of mountains. No details. 

Waianae , nearly in the middle of the southwest coast of the island, a village lying at the 
base of the mountains in a narrow valley, fertile and cultivated. The shore here forms a 
small sandy bay, and on the southern side, between two high rocky precipices, in a grove 
of cocoanut trees, stands the village. 

Pearl City. —Situated on the south of the island, is a large, irregularly-shaped lagoon or inlet, 
greatly cut up by projecting points and islands ; this is Puuloa river and Pearl Lochs, where the 
United States Government has acquired certain rights.* On the west side of the channel lies 
Puuloa village, in the neighborhood of which are large salt works. Along the inshore side of 
the Pearl Lochs, is a strip of very fertile land of variable breadth, part of which is under cul¬ 
tivation ; behind, the land rises gradually to the Ewa plain. 

Pearl City is said to be one of the pleasantest spots on the island, made accessible by the 
building of the Oahu railroad. It is situated in the midst of a highly productive and fertile 
district, twelve miles distant from Honolulu, and is now a beautiful town, with an abundant 
supply of pure artesian water, with wide streets, a substantial station, and several modern 
residences already built, and with improvements going on as rapidly as a large force of work¬ 
men can push them to completion. 

The Oahu Land & Railroad Company founded the town. 


*In 1887 a treaty between Hawaii and the United States was made which agreed that, on condition of the re¬ 
mission of duties on certain articles of Hawaiian produce, the United States was ceded the exclusive right to estab¬ 
lish and fortify a naval station in the Hawaiian islands. Pearl harbor was designated as the station. 

In 1889 an enlargement of the treaty provisions, so as to confer special advantages upon both parties, was pro¬ 
posed by the United States. It was suggested that the cession of a naval station be perpetual as well as 
exclusive. Another provision was proposed, viz., to allow the United States to land troops in Hawaii whenever 
necessary to preserve order. These provisions have not so far been taken advantage of by the United States. 







20 


Water supply .—Pearl City is said to have facilities for supplying x0,000 inhabitants. There 
is now an artesian well which flows to a height of twenty-eight feet, and has a capacity, when 
pumped, of two million gallons per day. The water from this well will be pumped into a res¬ 
ervoir one hundred feet high, and be used to supply the peninsula. 

There is another reservoir on the more elevated ground, two hundred feet above sea 
level, with a capacity of one and a half million of gallons, which can be increased to sixteen 
million as soon as necessary. This is supplied from mountain streams. 

Pearl City consists of 2,200 acres of land, which was owned in fee simple by the Oahu Rail¬ 
road & Land Company, 18,000 acres adjoining which is held by the same company under a 
fifty-year lease, and is being sublet for fruit-growing purposes. Three companies have re¬ 
cently been incorporated, two of them with a capital of $30,000 each, and have rented a choice 
portion of this land, which will be planted principally in bananas and pineapples. 

The 2,200 acres which the town proper comprises, includes the whole of the peninsula 
extending into the harbor, and the lots on the mainland, the latter of which are on a gradual 
slope of land inclining toward the mountains. 

The site of Pearl City has long been a favorite spot where boating, bathing, and fishing 
can be enjoyed under the most favorable circumstances. A good breeze is always blowing 
from the ocean. The temperature of the water is perfect for bathing all the year round.* 

Diamond Hill .—About three and one-half miles southeast of Honolulu; a signal station 
for incoming vessels. 

Waikiki .—A village lying about one mile northwest of Diamond Hill. There is no anchor¬ 
age in front of it. 


ISLAND OF HAWAII. (Map D.) 

In shape the island of Hawaii is a wide triangle, sides eighty-five, seventy-five, and sixty- 
five geographical miles. Almost the whole surface is a gentle slope from one of the four 
volcanic mountains: Mauna Kea, on north, 13,805 feet, the highest peak in the Pacific ocean; 
Mauna Loa, on south, 13,600 feet; Mauna Hualalai, on west, 8,275 feet; and Mauna Kohala, on 
northwest 5,505 feet. The slopes on the west are so gentle that the base of terminal cones 
may be reached on horseback. In the Mahukona district the face of the country is regular, 
ascending gradually from coast to summit of highland. 

The plain lying between the mountains of Hawaii is many square miles in extent. 

Coast .—The south point of the island of Hawaii, called Ka Lae, is very low, rising with a 
gentle slope to the hills behind. The southern side of the island is much drier, and the country 
more open and free from forest than on the north, where, indeed, the forests are very dense. 

From the south to Kumukahi, the east point of Hawaii, there are no bays or good anchor¬ 
ages, f The coast is exposed to wind and swell. 

From the east point almost to Hilo bay the coast is precipitous, and against it the sea con¬ 
tinually beats with violence; thence for thirty miles the shore is remarkable for the number 
of streams (eighty-five), running at the bottom of ravines, eighteen hundred to two thousand 
feet deep, which furrow the side of Mauna Kea, and render travel along its coast very laborious. 
Ridges between the ravines, terminating at the sea in precipices from one hundred to five 
hundred feet high, oblige the road to run inland. The northeastern coast is vei'y generally 
steep and rocky, though here and there are small bays or breaks in the cliffs where the natives 
are able to land their canoes. 


* Pacific Coast Commercial Record. 


t Except the small bay at Ivaalualu. 





21 


Upolu poi?it is the northern extremity of the island. Behind it lies an extensive plain in 
good state of cultivation, rising gradually to the foot of the mountains. 

From the north point of the island, the west coast is at first barren owing to want of rain; 
the face of the country is regular, ascending gradually from the coast to the summit of high 
land in the interior. From Kawaihe bay to the village of Kailua there is no anchorage or 
shelter. 

Kealakekua bay , where stands the monument to Captain Cook, R. N., is the best anchorage 
of the south coast; but south of it lies a rugged lava-covered shore, where large masses of rock 
miles in extent, often form perpendicular cliffs against which the sea beats with fury. 

This formation extends half a mile into the interior, and as the distance from the sea in¬ 
creases, the soil becomes richer and more productive. The face of the country within this 
rocky barrier is rough and covered with blocks of lava, more or less decomposed, but at a 
distance of two miles from the coast begins to be well covered with woods of various kinds 
which are rendered almost impassable by an undergrowth of vines and ferns. 

The interior of the island of Hawaii is a strange blending of fertility and desolation. In 
the valleys are often found regions of extraordinary richness, that are reached only by crossing- 
arid districts strewn with rocks and boulders, or overlaid by recent streams of lava still un¬ 
covered by soil. 

Barren wastes are succeeded by vegetation so dense as to be almost impenetrable, or by 
pleasant grass lands lying near forests of the peculiar koa tree, which is characteristic of this 
island. The trees in the koa forests frequently grow close together from a soil carpeted 
with long rich grass; they are large in size, of hard, dark wood, and were formerly greatly used 
to make the canoes of the islanders. 

The density of the forests is proportional to the amount of rainfall, which upon the 
windward side of Hawaii is phenomenally great.* 

On Hawaii is found a peculiar grass, said to have been brought to the island by accident. 
In its green state it is hardly fit for pasture. Cattle and horses eat it, but it apparently 
affords very little nourishment, though more when cured. So dense and high is this grass 
that it is difficult to ride through it. Another, and perhaps the best variety of grass, comes 
from Mexico; it is called, locally, maniania grass, and wherever it grows forms the richest and 
most velvety sward imaginable. It is highly nutritious and animals are very fond of it. 

Such being the character of the interior of the island, roads are in general bad, and com¬ 
munication difficult. 


CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, HAWAII. 

Hilo. —Hilo, or Byron bay, on the northeast side of Hawaii, is the only anchorage on the 
northeast coast; the bay is about seven and a half miles wide and three miles deep; it is 
fully exposed to the northeast trade wind. 

The scene which the island presents as viewed from the anchorage in Hilo bay is novel 
and beautiful; the shores are shielded with extensive groves of cocoanut and bread fruit 
trees, interspersed with plantations of sugar cane, through which numerous streams are seen 
hurrying to the ocean; to this belt succeeds a region some miles in width, free from woods, 
but clothed in verdure, while beyond is a wider belt of forest, whose trees, as they rise higher 
and higher from the sea, change their character from the vegetation of the tropics to that of 
the polar regions. Above all tower the snow-capped summits of the mountains.f 

*Major Dutton states that this may attain to more than 300 inches annually in the interior of Hawaii; 240 
inches have been measured at Hilo. 

f Pacific Islands, Yol. II, Hydrographic Office. Admiralty. 





22 


On the coast of the bay near Cocoanut island lie the creek and village of Whyeatea, where 
landing may be effected in all weathers. There are two piers to the northward of the 
entrance of the creek, alongside the northernmost of which, ships drawing fifteen feet of 
water can lie. The shore then turns westward along a sandy beach for nearly one mile to the 
bottom of the bay, where the town of Hilo is situated. 

Hilo is the principal town in Hawaii, and ranks next to Honolulu in importance and popu¬ 
lation. The town may be easily recognized from the seaward by the tall white square towers 
of the Roman Catholic church, and the pointed white spire of the Protestant church. There 
are also several other large buildings, both public and private, such as a court house, schools, 
governor’s house, stores, etc. 

There are several sugar plantations in the vicinity of Hilo on which the town is mainly 
dependent for prosperity. 

Besides sugar and molasses, Hilo exports hides, tallow, goatskins, arrowroot, rice, and a 
small amount of coffee. 

As before stated, the rainfall here is very great, and accounts for the luxuriant verdure of 
the district. 

The Hawaiian government steam vessels communicate with Hilo from Honolulu once a 
week, and schooners ply constantly between the two ports. (See Communications and 
Appendix i.) 

Supplies .—Supplies of nearly all descriptions can be obtained: beef, ten cents per pound; 
bread, about nine cents, and vegetables at six cents. 

A small pier has been built in front of the town, but in 1888 the sand had washed up and 
closed it as a landing place. The only landing place is at Whyeatea. Aai ' 

Close to the west of the town is Waterfall creek, the mouth of Wailuku river, and about 
two miles from the entrance is Cocoanut point. There is a good watering place up this creek 
which is generally easy of access, except when the wind is blowing hard from seaward; on 
such occasions the surf is high, and the rocky bar at the entrance becomes dangerous for 
boats to pass. The water is excellent and abundant. 

Hilo bay is a safe anchorage, and next to Honolulu may be considered the best in the 
Hawaiian islands. With a strong trade wind there is a slight sea, unpleasant enough for 
boats but not sufficient to endanger the safety of a ship. The westerly wind, which is felt 
most, seldom blows strongly. 

A well sheltered anchorage can be picked up anywhere under the lee of Blonde reef in 
from five to seven fathoms. A vessel drawing fifteen feet or less may anchor so as to be quite 
under the lee of Cocoanut island and Keo Kea point. 

Mahukona .—A small village with anchorage off it about six miles south of Upolu point. 
The place is becoming important, through the energy of a Mr. Wilder, who has made a most 
convenient landing place, and constructed a railway fifteen miles long to bring sugar from the 
Kohala district round the north end of the island. 

The cargo boats lay along the side of the pier and are laden and cleared very quickly by 
means of a steam “ crab ” which works a truck up and down the incline. 

There is no water in the place. All the fresh water has to be brought from Kohala by 
train. An attempt to obtain artesian water failed. 

The anchorage is indifferent, and with winds to the westward of north or south would be 
untenable. Freight is disembarked and shipped at night, during the greater part of the year. 

The soil along the shore is barren for three or four miles inland owing to the want of 
rain. The face of the country is regular, ascending gradually from the coast to the summit 
of the high land. 


23 


Kawaihae village is situated in a grove of cocoanut trees, just behind a sandy point near 
the center of the bay of the same name. The village consists (1891) of a general store, two 
or three houses, and several huts along the shore. In front of the village is a pier for boats. 

So much of the soil of this district as lies along the coast, though rich, is badly watered; 
seven or eight miles inland from Kawaihae bay it becomes exceedingly rocky and barren. 

The climate is upon the whole unpleasant, especially at Waimea about nine miles eastward 
of Kawaihae, in consequence of the exceedingly strong trade wind, which brings with it 
a mist toward sunset. This wind rushes furiously down between the mountains which bound 
the valley of Waimea and becomes very dangerous to the shipping in the bay. It is called by 
the natives mumuku, and is foretold by an illuminated streak seen far inland, believed to 
be caused by the reflection of the twilight on the mist that always accompanies the mumuku. 

The principal exports of the district are hides, tallow, and beef. 

On approaching the anchorage a good landmark is a conspicuous mound situated a short 
distance south of the village. Another conspicuous landmark is a white tomb in the form of 
a pyramid. 

There is a coral reef in front of the village, but a boat passage exists around the north end 
and close to the shore, where landing is easy. 

With strong westerly winds the anchorage would be very exposed and unsafe. The sea 
breeze from the westward lasts all day, and the northeast trade or land breeze sometimes blows 
strong all night. 

Supplies .—Beef may be obtained here at six cents a pound, potatoes are abundant, and 
plenty of fish may be caught with the seine. 

The watering place, which is in a small sandy bay, is only a pool of rain water collected 
in a hole, and would require five hundred feet of hose to pump into a boat. In the summer 
the water becomes somewhat stagnant and unfit for drinking; in winter more rain falls, and 
it then becomes a stream. 

Settlement—Kailua bay .—The bay affords a good anchorage at most seasons of the year. (In 
1841 the residence of the governor of Hawaii island was established here, and great advances 
were being made in the civilized arts and industries). There is a most convenient landing 
place on a sandy beach on the west side of the bay, formed by the jutting out of two points, 
between which is a small cove protected from the surf by rocks. 

Rain seldom falls here except in showers, and a rainy day once in the year is looked upon 
as remarkable. This, together with the absence of all dew, prevents the existence of much 
cultivation. There grows, nevertheless, a coarse vegetation sufficient to pasture a few hundred 
goats, and a mile back from the shore the surface is covered with herbage which, maintains 
cattle, etc.; two miles in the interior there is sufficient moisture to keep up a constant 
verdure. 

The temperature is mild and equable. During the winter the thermometer ranges from 
64° to 85°; summer, 68° to 86°. 

The prevailing winds are the land and sea breezes, which are very regular; the most severe 
gales are those from the southwest, which last from a few hours to two or three days, and 
render anchorage unsafe. 

On approaching Kailua bay, the town may be recognized by the two churches and the 
cocoanut groves on the shore to the westward. 

There is a most convenient landing place, as noted above. 

Kona .—Settlement near Kealakekua bay, situated west side Hawaii, best anchorge on 
that coast. Climate mild, 62° to 76° in winter, 70° to 86° in summer. Strong winds are seldom 
felt. During day, cool sea breeze ; during night, land breeze. It was at Kealakekua bay that 
Captain Cook was killed (1779). On west of Kanwalda cove is a village of same name, where 


24 


the monument to Cook now stands. The shore all around the bay is rocky, making landing 
dangerous when there is a swell setting in, except at Kealakekua village. Here there is a 
fine sandy beach, with burying place at one extremity and a small well of fresh water at the 
other. The bay is easy of access; but anchorage is not good, owing to the great depth of water 
and foul bottom. Kanwalda cove, though exposed to winds south and southwest, may be con¬ 
sidered safe anchorage except in winter. 

Kona is a village a few miles inland, and is considered one of the most healthy spots in 
the whole group, and especially beneficial to people suffering from weakness or disease of 
lungs or chest. It is said that many visitors come here from California to pass the winter, 
and there are one or two commodious boarding houses for their accommodation. 

From the landing place, about half a cable southwest of Cook’s monument, there is a good 
road leading to Kona. 

Supplies. —Beef, fowls, sweet potatoes, and plantains can be obtained in Kealakekua; also 
water at Napupu, a village south of Kealakekua; but the tank is falling to decay, and the 
water is brackish in all wells in the vicinity of Kanwalda cove. 


KSLAND OF MAUI. (Map E.) 

The island of Maui lies northwest of Hawaii. The channel which separates them has a 
width of twenty-eight miles. 

The island is forty-eight miles long in a west-by-north and east-by-south direction; it is 
divided into two oval-shaped peninsulas, connected by a low isthmus six miles across, and 
only a few feet higher than the beach. 

The whole island, which is volcanic, was probably produced by the action of the two ad¬ 
jacent volcanoes. 

Coast .—The southwest point of Maui, cape Hanamanioa, is formed by rugged, craggy rocks. 
From here along the coast twenty-five miles to Alau islet the whole shore is rugged, and offers 
no anchorage or shelter. From seaward the land appears to ascend abruptly; it is densely 
covered with trees and vegetation, while here and there a few habitations appear. Alau islet, 
lying off the east coast of Maui, is very small. Kauiki head, the eastern point of Maui, is an 
old crater which is connected by a low spit to the mainland, and at a distance appears like an 
island. 

Near this peninsula lies Hana harbor, from which a coast that affords no shelter extends 
for thirty-one miles. 

The north coast of East Maui is a succession of deep ravines, which gradually diminish 
in breadth as they ascend and are finally lost in the flanks of the mountains ; traveling 
along the coast, in consequence, becomes almost impossible. Cascades several hundred feet 
in height, but having little volume of water, are seen falling into these ravines. 

The east coast of West Maui is an abrupt precipice several hundred feet in height, ter¬ 
minating at Kahakuloa point, the northern extremity of the island. The southern side of 
West Maui has a forbidding appearance. The shores, however, are not so steep and rocky as 
elsewhere, and have generally a sandy beach. 

Off Makena, near the southwest extremity of the island, lies a small barren islet called 
Molokini, only visited by fishermen who dry their nets on its barren surface. 

Interior .—The eastern peninsula of Maui, the larger of the two, is lofty;' but though the 
mountains are often seen above the clouds, they are never covered with snow. 

East Maui rises in an unbroken mountain. 



25 


East Maui, although mountainous, has much cultivated land; and the rich volcanic soil of 
the Kula district, on the southwest side of the island, raises abundant crops of potatoes. 
Wheat and other grains are also cultivated. 

West Maui has many sharp peaks and ridges, which are divided by deep valleys, descending 
towards the sea, and opening out into sloping plains of considerable extent in the north and 
south sides. 

The highest peak of West Maui is Mauna Ika, 6,130 feet. 

The connecting isthmus consists of sand, which is constantly shifting and is thrown up 
in dunes ; this region is naturally dry, but during nine months of the year affords fine grazing, 
feeding large herds of cattle that are mostly owned by foreigners. 

The productions of Maui are those of the other islands, with the addition of a few fruits, 
such as grapes, etc. 

The highest point of Maui, named Kolakole, is 10,030 feet above the sea. It is destitute 
of trees to the height of about 2,000 feet; then succeeds a belt of forest to the height of about 
6,500 feet, and again the summit is bare. 

The crater of Haleakala is a deep gorge, open at the north and east, forming a kind of 
elbow. The inside is entirely bare of vegetation. The natives have no tradition of an 
eruption. 

Though arid and sandy in appearance, the soil of the isthmus connecting the two parts 
of the island is good, deep, and exceedingly fertile where irrigation has been introduced. At 
Spreckelsville, in the northern part of the peninsula, lie the largest sugar estates of the island. 

CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, MAUI. 

Hana harbor .—The anchorage is well protected from the wind and sea, and is very con¬ 
venient. There is a town here, details unknown. 

Kahului harbor .—Situated between the coral reefs on the northern side of the low isthmus 
joining the two peninsulas. Channels about three and a half cables wide, four cables deep, 
fully exposed to the northward. 

Kahului .—An important place for exporting the produce of the northern part of Maui; 
there are railways connecting it with Wailuku to the westward, and Spreckelsville and Haiku 
on the east. (See Communications.) 

There was being built, in 1881, out from the shore near the customhouse, a jetty which it 
was proposed to extend as far as the edge of the reef. 

Anchorage may be obtained in from two and a half to seven fathoms. 

Wailuku .—A flourishing village about two miles northwest of Kahului. Here there is a 
female seminary occupying an extensive range of coral buildings, beautifully situated on an 
inclined plane, with high precipices behind. It is considered one of the best organized 
establishments in the Hawaiian islands. 

Lahaina .—A town situated on the west side of West Maui, and at one time a flourishing- 
place much frequented by whaling vessels for refitting and for obtaining supplies, but now only 
visited by vessels loading with sugar, which is grown on the estates in the vicinity. 

The town is built along the beach for a distance of three-quarters of a mile. It is prin¬ 
cipally composed of grass houses situated as near the beach as possible. It has one principal 
street, with a few others at right angles to it. From seaward the town may be recognized 
by some conspicuous buildings, especially Government House, which is near the beach and 
has a tall flagstaff before it. The seminary of Lahainaluna is situated on the side of the 
mountain above the town. 

Off the town there is an open roadstead which is completely sheltered from the trade 
wind by the high land of Maui, but the holding ground is reported indifferent 
16796-4 





26 


Supplies .—Supplies of all sorts can be obtained here—beef, vegetables, fruit, and water in 
abundance. 

Landing .—The landing place is at a small pier, extending from the lighthouse, and pro¬ 
tected by a breakwater. 

The tide is irregular, generally running northwest sixteen hours out of the twenty-four. 

Patoa .—A roadstead (so called by Vancouver), situated on the southern side of West Maui. 
“ The anchorage at Patoa is abreast of the easternmost of these valleys, which appeared 
fruitful and well cultivated.” 

Kavuilalaea bay settlements .—The bay is on the west side of Maui, lying between two penin¬ 
sulas, the western side formed by rocky cliffs and precipices. ' Nearly in the middle of this side 
is a village called Mackerrey, off which is an anchorage in seven fathoms. No details known. 

Maalaea. —Near the head of Kamalalaea bay, in the northeast corner, is the small village 
of Maalaea. Here there are some houses for storing sugar. Besides stigar there is a great 
quantity of wheat, maize, and potatoes grown in this district, and supplies of fresh provisions 
are obtained in plenty from Wailuku, which is about six miles distant. 

The anchorage off this place is not good, as the trade wind blows across the low isthmus 
in heavy gusts, and communication with the shore by boats is sometimes interrupted. 

There is a small pier here for loading schooners, and boats can always go alongside, the 
channel leading to the landing place being about twenty yards wide between two coral reefs. 

Makena , or Makee's landing. —A small indentation in the west coast of East Maui, near 
the southwestern extremity of the island. It derives the latter name from a planter whose 
estate is situated on the side of Mauna Haleakala, on a plateau two thousand feet above the 
sea and about five miles east of the landing place. Near the landing are a stone church and 
several houses. The anchorage is exposed to the heavy squalls which occasionally blow over 
the low isthmus in the center of Maui, and landing i« at times impracticable for ships’ boats 
owing to the heavy surf. The holding ground is not good. 


ISLAND OF KAUAI. (Map F.) 

Kauai lies sixty-four miles west by north of Oahu, and is separated from it by the Kaieie 
Waho channel. This island is of volcanic formation, somewhat circular in shape, twenty- 
five miles long and twenty-two miles wide, and rises in the center to a peak five thousand 
feet in freight. 

Coast .—From the seaward the northeast and northwest sides appear broken and rugged, 
but to the south the land is more even; the hills rise with a gentle slope from the shore, and at 
some distance back are covered with woods. 

The southern point of the island is a bold barren rocky headland, falling perpendicularly 
into the sea. 

Ninini point, north point of Nawiliwili harbor, is low level grassy land, sprinkled with 
volcanic boulders extending from a range of low hills that stretch along the coast at a short 
distance from the beach, which extends northward to Wailua. 

Along the coast from Wailua, sugar cane appears to be cultivated in large quantities, 
especially in the vicinity of Wailua and Kanala point, where there are several factories. 

From this point to Hanalei bay are several small villages scattered along the coast near 
the mouths of mountain streams which are closed by sand bars. The land near the sea is flat 
and very fertile, but soon rises to the mountains behind. The rivers as well as the sea abound 
in fish. 

The northwest coast of Kauai, forming the district Na Pali, has a very rugged appear-- 
ance, rising to lofty abrupt cliffs that jut out into a variety of steep rocky points destitute of 



both soil and verdure; but terminating nearly in uniform even summits, on which, in the val¬ 
leys or chasms between them, are several patches of green. Here and there a stream running 
from the lofty mountains behind finds its way to the ocean. 

Mana point , the western extremity of Kauai, is a long, low sand spit, commencing at the 
foot of a high range of mountains, and from it a sandy plain extends to the town of Waimea. 
This plain is from a quarter to a mile wide and a hundred and fifty feet above the sea, whence 
it rises gradually to the mountains. 

It has a sunburnt appearance and is destitute of trees, except on the low grounds where 
the cocoanut thrives. The sea here abounds in fish. Between Waimea and Kaloa bay, the 
south point of Kauai, extends a series of sunburnt hills and barren plains, sloping gradually 
to the shore from the mountains, and here and there intersected by ravines. There is no cul¬ 
tivation, and the soil only produces a kind of coarse grass quite unfit for pasture. 

Interior. —The island of Kauai is considered one of the most pleasant of the group. Por¬ 
tions of it appear better adapted to agriculture than the other islands, and the coffee and sugar 
plantations on the weather side, which is well watered with streams and by frequent rains, 
are very productive; but the lee side is dry and adapted to cultivation only in valleys. 

\ 

CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, KAUAI. 

\ 

Nawiliwili bay village. —The harbor of Nawiliwili is a small cove on the southeast side of the 
island, at the head of a bay of this name. The greater part of the harbor is blocked by shoals 
and reefs. 

At Nawiliwili bay is a large village ; the soil in the vicinity is rich, producing sugar cane, 
taro, beans, sweet potatoes, etc. 

There is a small pier in the northwest corner of the harbor, where landing may be easily 
effected; but the pier should be approached with caution, as a reef extends from the shore to 
the southward of it for two cables in an easterly direction. 

The local mail steamer runs to this point. (See Communications.) 

Wailua .—Formerly a place of some importance, five and a half miles from Ninini point, 
situated on a small river of the same name, in a barren sandy spot, surrounded by an extremely 
fertile district. The river, in common with the others along this coast, is closed at the mouth 
with sand bars, but inside is deep and navigable by canoes for several miles. 

Coast villages .—From Kanala point, north and west, fourteen miles to Hanalei bay, there 
are several small villages scattered along the coast, near the mouths of mountain streams 
closed by sand bars. 

Hanalei .—Situated near the bottom of a bay of this name. 

Anchorage ground in the bay is spacious in fine weather, but there is only room for about 
three vessels in bad weather under the lee of the reef near the eastern point of the bay. 

A landing is generally effected inside the mouth of the river. 

Supplies .—Supplies are plentiful—beef, vegetables, and fruits may be obtained in abund¬ 
ance. Water may be procured by sending boats into the river, which is easy of access in fine 
weather, and a short distance from the mouth the water is perfectly fresh. The town is very 
picturesquely placed; the mountains rise to a height of from three to four thousand feet, and 
are clothed with verdure from base to summit, with numerous rills running down their pre- 
cipitous sides. 

In front of the town is a good beach where great quantities of fish may be caught with 
a seine. 

The district derives its name from the numerous rainbows formed 'ey passing showers. 
The rains are so frequent as to clothe the country in perpetual green. 


28 


On the eastern side of the entrance is a conspicuous dark bluff-head, with two sandy 
beaches a short distance to the eastward. 

A little way to the southward of this bluff is the mouth of a small river, in front of 
which is a bar that may be crossed by boats at half flood; inside, the bar carries a depth 
of from one to three quarters of a fathom and is navigable for several miles for boats drawing 
three feet. About four cables from the mouth of the river, on the northern bank, is a large 
farm, called “ Charlton farm,” owned by the English consul who keeps a large number of 
cattle of good breed. 

Waimea village .—Situated on Waimea bay, sout hwest coast, placed at the mouth of river 
of the same name, which runs about fifteen miles inland. At one time a populous native town, 
but now (1891) only a small village of little importance. It contains a church. 

Boats may ascend the river for about three-quarters of a mile; this is the only water here 
that is not brackish. A little to the eastward of the village a shoal projects. The trade 
winds, deflected by the mountains, often raise a surf which renders landing at times very 
unpleasant, sometimes impracticable. 

Waimea bay should be approached with caution, as reefs extend to the southward. There 
is a railroad from Waimea to Kekaha. No details known. 

Kaloa bay village .—About one mile west of the south point of Kauai is a slight indenta¬ 
tion of the coast, where there is a considerable village called Kaloa, off which anchorage may 
be obtained but in a very exposed position. 

The country around the village of Kaloa is much broken by hills and inactive craters; but 
the soil is good, though dry and very stony, and is capable of cultivation in many places. 
There is a sugar plantation here, and there are several large cattle ranches in the vicinity. 

The village may be recognized by many high buildings and two churches ; it extends from 
the beach to a distance of two miles up the slope of a hill. Between the village and Makanuena, 
the southern extremity of the island, there is a low point running out into a rocky ledge that 
somewhat protects the anchorage. 

There is a good landing place at Kaloa, in a small cove protected by a reef extending 
about one cable from shore; an artificial creek has been made at the head of this cove, with 
sufficient space for one boat to enter. 

Supplies .—Supplies of beef, vegetables, and fruit may be obtained in abundance. 


ISLAND OF MOLOKAI. (Chart B.) 

Molokai is situated north of Lanai, from which it is separated by Pailolo channel, six and 
a half miles wide. 

It is apparently formed by a chain of volcanic mountains about forty miles long and seven 
miles broad. The mountains are high and broken by deep ravines and water courses; the sides 
are clothed with verdure and ornamented with shrubs and trees. 

Coast .—Lae o Ka Laau, the southwest extremity of Molokai, is a low black point. On the 
south side of the island are several small harbors, the best of which is Kaunakakai, midway 
between the two extremes. 

From this point to the southeast extremity of the island the distance by the coast is 
about twenty-one miles, thence northward to Kalaua, the northeast point, about two miles. 

Some sixteen miles from Kalaua, and on a peninsula projecting about two miles into the 
sea, is placed the leper settlement of the Hawaiian islands. 

Inierior. —One-third of the island of Molokai, towards the west end, is a barren waste not 
susceptible of cultivation except in the rainy season. It has in consequence but few inhabi¬ 
tants, who are engaged mostly in fishing. 



29 


The eastern two-thirds is almost one entire mountain, rising gradually from the south 
until it attains an elevation of two thousand five hundred feet, while on the north it is almost 
perpendicular. On the south side there is a narrow strip of land not exceeding a quarter 
of a mile in width, where dwell the greater part of the population. The soil is very rich, 
but owing to the want of moisture few plants will thrive even here. Resort is therefore had to 
the uplands, which are found to be susceptible of the highest degree of cultivation 

CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, MOLOKAI. 

Kaunakakai .—A town or village situated on the south side of Molokai, midway between 
the extremes. There are outer and inner anchorages; former not good, latter limited. 

No supplies are to be obtained at Kaunakakai. No details of town known. 

Kalahao .—Situated near the center of the north coast of Molokai, at the base of very pre¬ 
cipitous mountains. The leper establishment was erected here about 1865. The anchorage 
is to the southward of a low point, extending from the foot of two remarkable, steep mountains. 
It can not be considered safe, being exposed to a heavy swell; landing at Kalahao, always 
difficult, is at times dangerous. 

Supplies .—No supplies can be obtained. 


ISLAND OF LANAI, OR RANAI. (Chart B.) 

Lies sixteen miles northwest of Kahulaui, and is separated from West Maui by Auau chan¬ 
nel, seven and a half miles wide. Lanai is a dome-shaped island about seventeen miles long 
and nine miles broad. Large fissures are visible on its sides. 

The center of- this island is much more elevated than Kahulaui, but is neither so high nor 
so broken as any of the other islands. 

Great part of it is barren, and the island in general suffers much from the long droughts 
which prevail. The ravines and glens, notwithstanding, are filled with thickets of small trees. 

The island is volcanic; the soil shallow and by no means fertile. The shores abound with 
shellfish. 

Sheep in large numbers, it is said, are pastured here. 

CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, LANAI. 

No towns noted; probably none exist. 


ISLAND NIIHAU. (Chart B.) 

The island lies seventeen miles west southwest of Kauai, from which it is separated by 
Kumukahi channel. It is about twenty miles long by seven miles broad. 

This island is mostly low land, except on the eastern side, where it rises directly from 
the sea to a height of fifteen hundred feet, and is rocky and unfit for cultivation. On the 
western side is a level plain from two to four miles wide, where the natives cultivate yams, 
fruits, sweet potatoes, etc. The soil being dry, the yams grow to great size. The natives are 
few in number and very poor; they live almost entirely on the western side of the island. 

Of late years Niihau has been used as a sheep run, and in 1875 there were said to be about 
seventy thousand sheep on the island. 

The eastern shore of Niihau is rocky and wholy destitute of shelter, but on the western 
shore there are several open roadsteads. 




30 


CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, NIIHAU. 

Yam bay .—An open roadstead about a mile and a half south of Kona point, where, in fine 
weather, anchorage may be obtained. There is only one place in the bay where boats can 
effect a landing in safety when the sea sets in, a common occurrence; this is on the western 
side behind a small reef of rocks that lies a little way off the beach ; even here it is necessary 
to guard against sunken rocks. No inhabitants noted. 

Cook anchorage .—On the southwest of Niihau, about four miles south of Kona point; is 
exposed to the heavy northwesterly swell; the bottom is composed of large rocks, with patches 
of sand. 

Near the beach are a few huts, a church, and a derrick for loading and unloading boats. 

Landing .—The landing place is protected by some rocks forming a breakwater in the north¬ 
east part of the bay, and is situated just inside a lava patch which from seaward appears like 
a point. Landing can be effected easily in moderate weather, but with a heavy swell it is 
impracticable. 

Supplies .—Whalers call here occasionally for fresh meat, but the sheep being bred for wool 
only, very little meat can be procured; and only a limited quantity of vegetables and fruit. 

Fresh water can only be procured.during the rainy season, when the water courses are 
full; at other times of the year there is no water but what the natives have collected in wells 
in the rock for their own use, these wells are chiefly near the south end of the island. 

Caution.— As the rollers set in with but little warning at Cook anchorage, sailing vessels 
should proceed to sea on first indications of them. These rollers generally last from three to 
four days. 


ISLAND OF KAHULAUI. (Chart B.) 

Called also Tahurowa, separated from East Maui by Alalakeiki channel six miles wide, is 
about eleven miles in length and eight miles wide. 

It is low and almost destitute of every kind of shrub or verdure, excepting a species of 
coarse grass. The rocks of which it is formed are volcanic, but nothing is known of any active 
or extinct craters on the island. 

At one time this island was used as a penal settlement; but it is now chiefly used as a 
sheep run, the soil of decomposed lava being of too poor a quality for cultivation. 

CITIES, TOWNS, AND PORTS, KAHULAUI. 

No towns noted ; probably none exist. 

ISLAND OF KAULA. (Chart B.) 

This island, called also Tahura, lies seventeen miles southwest one-half west from Niihau. 
It is a small elevated barren rock, destitute of vegetation, and uninhabited. It is visited to 
collect the eggs of sea birds, which abound. 

ISLAND OF LENUA. (Chart B.) 

Lenua, or Egg island, lies off the north point of Niihau. It is a small rugged barren rock, 
apparently destitute of soil and without sign of habitation. 

ISLAND OF MOLOKINI. (Chart B.) 

A small islet off the island of Maui, which see. 




COMMUNICATIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 


RAILROADS. 

There are, according to the Statesman’s Year Book for 1893, fifty-six miles of railway in 
the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu. These roads were built principally for the transpor¬ 
tation of produce from the interior to the seaports. 

RAILROADS OF OAHU. 

Oahu railroad. 

This line extends from Honolulu nineteen miles to Ewa plantation; passing around Pearl 
Lochs, with a branch along the peninsula to Pearl City, and a spur extending into a quarry at 
Palama. Roadbed good. It is proposed to run the railroad completely around the island. 

Depots. 

There is an excellent depot at Honolulu; also turntable. Stations with suitable houses at 
intervals along the line. A fine depot, also turntable, exists at Pearl City. 

Wharfage. 

The company’s wharf at Honolulu is sixty feet wide and two hundred feet long and is 
ample for present needs. Products can be unloaded directly from cars to vessels and vice 
versa. 

Rolling stock , etc. 

The rolling stock and equipments are of the most approved and modern style. 

At the port of Waianae, in northwest portion of Oahu, there are several small railroads, 
in all about four or five miles, branching to plantations in the interior and along the coast. 
About these there are, however, no obtainable data. 

RAILROADS OF HAWAII. 

In Hawaii, from Mahukona to the Kohala district, some fifteen miles of railroad exist. 

RAILROADS OF MAUL 

In the island of Maui a little railway of very narrow gauge now connects Wailuku and 
Kaluilui. The railway also extends three miles further eastward to the sugar mills of the 
great plantation of Spreckelsville, in all thirteen miles. 

(The distances between these places are given from the overland distance tables in the 
Hawaiian Annual for 1893.) 

Data concerning gauge, quantity of rolling stock, etc., as well as reliable maps, are at 
present unobtainable. 

RAILROADS OF KAUI. 

On the island of Kaui, there is (according to the Hydrographic Office chart of Waimea 
bay) a railroad from Waimea village to Kekaha. No details known. 

31 



32 


ROADS. 

There are a few well constructed roads on the island of Oahu, leading from Honolulu to 
places of interest to tourists; but in general the roads on the island are not good, being fre¬ 
quently heavy with sand, and muddy in wet districts. No positive information obtainable. 

TELEGRAPHS. 

There are telegraphs round the island of Oahu, as well as in Hawaii and Maui. Oahu 
and Hawaii are connected by telegraphic cable. Total length of telegraphs, two hundred and 
fifty miles. 

TELEPHONES. 

Telephones are in general use in Honolulu and probably elsewhere on the islands. 

POSTAL SERVICE. 

For Hawaiian Islands postal service and post offices, see Appendix I. 

INTER-ISLAND STEAMERS AND VESSELS. 

There are twenty-two coasting steamers plying between the ports of the island, of which 
nine belong to the Inter-Island Steam Navigation company, seven to the Wilder Steamship 
company, and the remainder to various private owners. 

There are also twenty-five sailing vessels belonging to various firms and owners. 

There are, besides, two steam and six sailing merchantmen and traders of Hawaiian register 
plying between the islands and foreign ports. 

For tonnage, class, etc., of above, see list of Hawaiian registered vessels, Appendix I. 

For tables of overland distances, see Appendix II. 


LEPROSY. 

In his report to the Hawaiian legislative assembly of 1884, the president of the board of 
health makes the assertion that “ Hawaii has to meet a calamity of widespread disease * * 

At least two per cent of her entire native population is attacked by a fearful and supposed in¬ 
curable malady [leprosy], of an exceptional character, that demands separation and isolation.” 
In the same report it is shown that the appropriation of $90,000, for the segregation and care 
of lepers, voted in 1882, for the biennial period closing March 31, 1884, had fallen short of the 
demands upon the health authorities. The Hawaiian law has provided for the strict segrega¬ 
tion of lepers since 1865, and the district of Kalawao on Molokai, a territory of about 5,000 
acres, was selected at that time for the leper settlement. 

It is asserted that up to 1882 at least, the law requiring segregation was not carried out 
with vigor, but it is shown that under the partial enforcement of the law during sixteen jmars 
prior to June 1, 1882, 2,602 cases, an average of 162.62 cases per year, had been sent to the leper 
settlement. The biennial report of the president of the board of health for 1890 states that 
“ the work of collecting and segregating lepers had been carried on with firmness and impar¬ 
tiality, and that the number of lepers collected and sent to Molokai for the biennial period 
closing March 31, 1890, was 798. Of these, two were of British and two were of American 
birth.” The report shows that $331,057.80 was expended by the board of health during the 
biennial period, and it is asserted “ that the maintenance of the leper establishment is the 
almost bottomless pit into which more than three-fourths of the money appropriated is cast.” 



33 


It is hopefully claimed, however, “that its requirements are on the wane, and judging 
from the most reliable information obtainable, there are but very few undoubted cases of 
leprosy now at large in the country, and they will come under the care of the board as rap¬ 
idly as it is possible to get control of them.” In proof of this it is stated that on the 31st of 
March, 1888, it was estimated that there were then at large throughout the kingdom 644 
lepers, while at the date of the report under considertion, March 31, 1890, “according to the 
best information obtainable, there are * * * about one hundred persons supposed to be 

affected by the disease, still at large who have not been before the examining board.” The 
reasons why these suspected lepers have not been examined, are stated to be that some very bad 
and unmistakable cases are hiding in fastnesses of the mountains, while some mild cases 
change their residence so often as to baffle the efforts of the officers of the law for their arrest. 

In regard to the contagious character of the disease and the precautions necessary to be 
taken, it is claimed by Surgeon Tyron, United States Navy,* that the spread of the disease in 
the Hawaiian islands is due, or was due at that time, 1883, to the general belief that “the 
disease is only slightly contagious, and its treatment as such from the beginning, allowing free 
individual intercourse, with weak enforcement of the laws for its suppression.” 

That leprosy has not always been regarded by the authorities of the Hawaiian islands as 
eminently contagious, is shown by the following extracts from the report of the president of 
the board of health, to the legislative assembly of 1884. He says :“ Such a characterization 
is entirely uncalled for, is not warranted by experienced medical opinion, and the violent and 
hasty segregation which it would inspire is a wrong to a suffering community.” “ The con¬ 
firmed leper should be separated from the community, but there should be no alarm in con¬ 
sequence of the temporary presence in the street of a leper, or on account of any ordinary 
intercourse with a sufferer from the disease.” 

On the other hand the report of the board of health for 1890 declares in the most em¬ 
phatic manner that “ complete, thorough, and absolute segregation offers the only safeguard” 
against the ravages of leprosy. The same report asserts that if, from the time when leprosy 
was first recognized as an established fact in the islands, the policy of absolute segregation, 
had been firmly decided upon and unflinchingly pursued, * * * Hawaii would be as free 

from leprosy to-day as any civilized nation.” The report concludes with the hopeful words : 
“ It is safe to say that if we do not relax our efforts we have seen the worst of leprosy in this 
country.” The average leper population of the leper settlements in Molokai for the two years 
ending March 31, 1890, was 1,035. 

A. Lutz, M. D., a specialist employed by the Hawaiian government as “govenment physi¬ 
cian for the study and treatment of leprosy,” reports, under date of April 1, 1890, as follows : 
“ The infection from one person to the other furnishes probably the largest number of patients; 
heredity, if it really exists at all, is quite secondary, being perhaps only simulated by family 
infection. The influence of vaccination appears most doubtful.” 

From the “Sanitary Instructions for Hawaiians,” by the chairman of the sanitary com¬ 
mittee of the Hawaiian legislature, the following statement of predisposing causes of leprosy 
and rules to be observed, is made up :— 

“ Be careful that where the operation of vaccination is performed, pure vaccine is used.” 

“Avoid a leprous bed fellow as you would a pit of fire.” 

“ Eat regularly and of the best obtainable food.” 

“Avoid dark, damp, badly ventilated rooms.” 

« Never lie down to repose in damp or dirty clothing, and keep the body clean.” 

“ Nearly all the lepers come from among the poor, who have fared badly and have lodged 
in damp and ill ventilated huts.” 


16796-5 


* American Journal Medical Science, April, 1883. 





34 


“Take care of the first symptoms of leprosy. The moment numbness of feeling, or any 
marks or swellings that indicate leprosy are observed, a physician should be consulted.” 

Venereal diseases favor the attack of leprosy. “ If two men, one perfectly well and clean 
in body, and the other diseased with venereal virus, were each brought into intimate contact 
with a leprous individual, the diseased man would be affected and become a leper far sooner 
than the sound man.” 

Dr. Lutz, Hawaiian government physician for the treatment and study of leprosy, was 
encouraged to declare, under date of April, 1890, that he believes, “we shall * * * see 

cures, which may be attributed, not to extraordinary chance, but to our methods of treatment.’’ 
It appears, however, from later reports, that the study of leprosy by specialists employed by 
the government was soon abandoned. Dr. Lutz resigned September, 1890, without having 
effected a permanent cure. 

The president of the board of health reports to the legislative assembly, session of 1892, 
on the subject of the study of leprosy by Government specialists, as follows: “ In deference 
to the oft-repeated requests, * * * the board of health opened correspondence with the 

Leprosy Commission of England and with Dr. E. Arning, of Hamburg, Germany, with a 
view of * * * continuing the study and treatment of leprosy.” The substance of Dr. 

Arning’s reply is): “That the scientific work connected with the etiology and pathology of 
leprosy, can, with surer prospects of success, be carried on here in its European centers, and 
this is actually being done; there are a number of bacteriologists * * * at work bn this 

intricate question, and slowly unraveling knot on knot towards its solution.” 

The report of the board of health for 1892 states that on “December 31, 1890, there were 
1,213 lepers in the custody of the board, that being the highest number ever reached, and on 
March 31, 1892, there were only 1,115, a decrease of ninety-eight during the period.” In regard 
to the segregation of lepers the report affirms that at this date, March 31, 1892, “there are very 
few known lepers at large, with the exception of perhaps seventeen at Kalalau, Kaui, but there 
are about sixty suspects at liberty in Honolulu and some in the outer districts, and more or 
less of them will, in time, become confirmed cases.” 

The same report shows that the cost of the “ segregation, support, and treatment of 
lepers” for the biennial period closing March 31, 1892, was $224,331.88. 

In regard to venereal diseases, so well known as prevalent in the Hawaiian islands, the 
statement is made in the Medical Record for April, 1889, that the “effects of hereditary im¬ 
munity * * * has resulted in the production of a much milder form of the disease in the 

course of three or four generations. At the present day syphilis in the Sandwich islands is 
comparatively a benign disease, and furnishes but a small contingent to the sum of mortality.” 
The writer, Dr. P. A. Morrow, states that, “not only has the disease moderated in severity, but 
according to the testimony of numerous physicians, * * * it has materially decreased in 

frequency.” The writer also asserts the “comparative rarity of hereditary transmission” of 
syphilis in the islands, and explains it by the fact that the native Hawaiians of to-day are a 
sterile race. “In some of the districts the percentage of births does not exceed 2 per 1,000 
instead of 28 per 1,000, as it should be to balance the mortality rate.” 


APPENDIX I. 


1. Australia .* (U. S.) Tonnage, gross, 2,737 ; under deck, 1,737; net, 1,715. Length, 376.9. Breadth, 37.4. 
Depth, 18.7. Built 1875. J. Elder, Glasgow. 

2. Zealandia* (Hawaiian.) Tonnage, gross, 2,730; under deck, 1,734; net, 1,713. Length, 377.0. Breadth, 
37.1. Depth, 18.6. Built by J. Elder & Son, Glasgow. 

3. Alameda .* (U. S.) Tonnage, gross, 3,158; under deck, 2,936; net, 1,839. Length, 314.0. Breadth, 41.0. 
Depth, 17.3. Built by W. Cramp & Sous, Philadelphia, 1883. 

4. Mariposa.* (U. S.) Tonnage, gross, 3,158; under deck, -; net, 1,939. Length, 314.0. Breadth, 41.0. 

Depth, 17.3. Built by Cramp & Sons, 1883. 

5. Monowai. (British.) Tonnage, gross, 3,433 ; under deck, 3,320; net, 2,137. Length, 330.0. Breadth, 42.2. 
Depth, 24.8. Built by W. Denny & Bros., Dumbarton. 

6. City of Peking. Tonnage, gross, 5,080 ; under deck, 3,129. Length, 423. Breadth, 48. Depth, 27.8. Roach 
& Sons, Chester, Pa. 

7. City of Rio Janeiro. Tonnage, 3,548, gross ; 2,275, net. Length, 344. Breadth, 38. Depth, 28.9. Roach 
& Sons, Chester, Pa. 

In addition to the above the following named ships of the Pacific Mail S. S. Co.’s fleet are on the Pacific 
coast: 

China, 5,100; City of Sydney, 3,010; Peru, 3,617; Colima, 2,905; City of Rio, 3,548 ; Colon, 2,685; City of New 
York, 3,019; Acapulco, 2,572; San Jose, 2,180; San Bias, 2,180; Starbuck, 2,157; San J nan, 2,076; Clyde, 2,016; 
Banacouta, 1,659 (Eng. reg.); Costa Rica, 1,600 ; City of Panama, 1,500. 


HAWAIIAN REGISTERED VESSELS. 

MERCHANTMEN AND TRADERS. 


Register. 

Class. 

Name. 

• Tons. 

Registered owners. 

257 

Steamer_ 

Zealandia __ 

1, 938. 00 

John S. Walker. 

259 

Bark 

Lady Lampson . __ _ 

424. 35 

C. Brewer & Co. 

281 

Steamer_ 

San Mateo _ __ 

2,291.66 

M. E. M. Makalua. 

283 

Bark 

Andrew Welch _ _ 

850. 58 

C. Brewer & Co. 

285 

_ do _ 

Foohingr Suey__ 

980. 73 

Do. 

290 

do _ 

Maunaala _ _ 

779.22 

John S. Walker. 

295 

Brig 

Geo. H. Douglas_. . 

251.53 

Do. 

299 

Bark__ 

Leahi___ 

536. 84 

W. C. Wilder. 

COASTERS—STEAMERS. 

177 

Steamer_ 

Likelike . _ 

382. 34 

Wilder Steamship Company. 

190 

do 

Kilauea Hou_ - 

153.10 

Do. 

196 

do 

Mokolii _ 

49.21 

Do. 

204 

do 

Lehua _ 

129.80 

Do. 

243 

do 

Kinau_ 

773.07 

Do. 

286 

do 

Hawaii_ 

227. 44 

Do. 

291 

_do . . 

Claudine.— - 

609.16 

Do. 


* Agents, Sprockets & Bros., 329 Market street, San Francisco, also agents for line of sailing vessels, noted on page 1. 

85 





















































36 


COASTERS—STEAMERS—Continued. 


Register. 

Class. 

Name. 

Tons. 

Registered owners. 

207 

__ -do _ _ 

James Makee_ 

136. 61 

Inter Island Steam Navigation Company. 

Do. 

218 

_do_ 

C. R. Bishop__ 

142. 76 

224 

_do_ 

Iwalani .. __ _ 

239.81 

Do. 

247 

_do . _ . 

W. G. Hall_ 

380.27 

Do. 

262 

.do _ 

Waialeale__ 

175. 60 

Do. 

269 

_do ... 

Mikahala __ 

353.24 

Do. 

278 

_do_ 

Pele_ __ 

134. 02 

Do. 

272 

_do 

Kaala.. _ . 

90. 53 

Do. 

195 

_do__ 

Waimanalo.. 

49.81 

.T. A. Cummins. 

268 

_do__ 

Kaimiloa_ 

79.44 

Waimanalo Sugar Company. 

Inter Island Steam Navigation Company. 

J. I. Dowsett. 

266 

_do_ 

J. A. Cummins . 

198. 83 

275 

.. .do 

Annie. ... 

5. 37 

284 

_do_ 

Akamai . _ __ . 

29. 27 

.J. A. Dower. 

294 

. . do __ 

Rover_ ..... 

15.26 

C. H. Wetmore. 

296 

_do .. . . 

Frolic._ _ 

11.32 

O. R. & L. Co. 


COASTERS—SAILING. 


41 

Schooner_ 

Rob Roy___ . 

25. 49 

J. I. Dowsett. 

155 

_do .. . 

Mille Morris _ _ 

22. 32 

F. Wundenberg. 

Wilder’s Steamship Company. 

183 

..do . . . 

Haleakala _ 

56. 63 

185 

_do_ _ 

Mary E. Foster . .. 

73. 29 

Inter Island Steam Navigation Company. 

276 

-do.. _ . 

Lavinia __ 

40. 06 

John Nui. 

197 

... do . _ 

Liholiho . - _ 

70. 92 

Inter Island Steam Navigation Company. 

200 

.. do 

Luka._ ___ 

70. 52 

Allen & Robinson. 

205 

...do _ 

Mokuola _ .. _ 

17.10 

Loo Ngawk. 

Allen & Robinson. 

215 

_do_ 

KauikeaoulL. . _ __ _ 

72.13 

220 

-_-do _ 

Josephine_ _ - 

8.88 

F. Wundenberg. 

248 

.-.do 

Sarah & Eliza .. _ 

15.49 

W. F. Williams. 

244 

Sloop -_ - 

Kawailani__ 

24. 39 

Loo Ngawk. 

250 

Schooner_ 

Kulamanu . 

85. 22 

S. C. Allen. 

279 

_ _ _do_ 

Kamoi __ 

108. 06 

Do.. 

256 

_do __ 

Heeia _ . . _ 

36. 10 

J. I. Dowsett. 

260 

_do _- 

MoiWahine . 

147. 25 

S. C. Allen. 

263 

_do . _ 

Kaulilua_ _ „ 

47. 96 

Inter Island Steam Navigation Company. 

287 

Sloop 

Keaolani .. . _ 

3. 48 

Win. Hokonui. 

289 

Tern 

Alika -- -_ 

72.10 

J. I. Dowsett. 

292 

Schooner_ 

Iva Hae Hawaii-.. 

22. 73 

Lau Chong. 

293 

--..do _ 

Manana ... 

8. 09 

Sing Chong & Co. 

297 

Sloop _ _ 

Kaiulani - 

12. 93 

Do. 

298 

Schooner_ 

Liliu --. __ _ 

47. 26 

J. F. Colburn. 

300 

Sloop _ - 

San Pedro. _ _ 

4.07 

F. Gomes & Co. 

301 

do _ 

Ekekela.- __ . 

4.17 

S. Hale. 


HAWAIIAN ISLANDS POSTAL SERVICE. 

General post office, Honolulu, Oahu. 

POST OFFICES ON OAHU. 

Waialua. Punaluu. - Heeia. 

Kahuku. Waiahole. 

Laie. Kaneohe. 

OVERLAND MAIL ROUTE, OAHU. 

Leaves Honolulu at io a. m. on Wednesday each week for the circuit of the island, arriv¬ 
ing back Thursday afternoon or Friday morning. For Waianae, mail carrier leaves every 
Friday at io a. m. 


Ewa. 

Honouliuli. 

Waianae. 







































































































37 


Mail closes at 8.30 a. m. each day, for Ewa and Honouliuli Plantation, by the railroad, and 
returns at 12 m. 

On Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, mail is dispatched for Waialua and Kahuku via Pearl 
City. 

POST OFFICES ON MOLOKAI. 

Kaunakakai. Kamalo. Pukoo. 

POST OFFICE ON LANAI. 

Lanai. 

POST OFFICES ON KAUAI. 

Kapaa. Kekaha. Hanalei. Koloa. 

Kilauea. Waimea. Lihue. Makaweli. 


MAIL ROUTES ON KAUAI. 


From Lihue to Waimea.—Leaves Lihue post office every Wednesday morning, arriving at 
Koloa about noon and at Waimea and Kekaha in the evening of the same day. On returning 
leaves Waimea on Saturday morning, arriving at Koloa about noon and Lihue in the after¬ 
noon. 

From Lihue to Hanalei.—Leaves Lihue post office every Wednesday morning, arriving at 
Kapaa in the forenoon, at Kilauea about noon, and Hanalei in the afternoon of the same day. 
On returning leaves Hanalei on Friday and arrives at Kilauea Friday evening. Leaves Kapaa 
about Saturday noon and arrives at Lihue in the afternoon. 

POST OFFICES ON MAUI. 


Lahaina. 

Wailuku. 

Makawao. 

Hana. 


Hamoa. 

Spreckelsville. 

Ulupalakua. 

Honokohau. 


Kipahulu. 

Kahului. 

Paia. 

Haiku. 


Hamakuapoko. 

Huelo. 

Honokowai. 


OVERLAND MAIL ROUTES, MAUI. 

From Lahaina to Kaanapali and Kahakuloa, every ten days, mail closes about 9 a. m. on 
Wednesday or Saturday after arrival of steamer Kinaa from Honolulu. 

From Ulupalakua to Hana, weekly, mail closes in the morning on arrival of mails from 
steamer Kinau. 

From Paia to Hana, weekly, mail closes soon after arrival of steamer mails on Tuesdays 
or Wednesdays. 

MAUI MAIL ROUTES. 

From Paia to Makawao, daily. 

From Paia to Haiku, daily. 

From Paia to Huelo, twice a week. 

From Paia to Ulupalakua, via Makawao, weekly. 





























II 


TABLE OF OVERLAND DISTANCES. 


OAHU. 

Honolulu Post Office To — 

Miles. 

Bishop’s Corner (Waikiki)_ 3.2 

Waikiki Villa_ 3.6 

Race Course_ 4.5 

Diamond Head_ 5.9 

Kalawai__ 6.0 

Thomas square_ 1.0 

Hawaa corners_ 2.0 

Kamouiliili_ 3.3 

Telegraph hill_ 5.0 

Waialae_ 6.2 

Niu_ 8.8 

Koko head_ 11,8 

Makapuu_ 14.8 

Waimanalo_-__20.8 

Waimanalo via Pali_ 12.0 

Nuuanu bridge_ 1.1 

Mausoleum_ 1.5 

Electric reservoir_ 2.7 

Honolulu dairy_ 2.9 

Laukaha_ 4.3 

Pali______—. 6.2 

Kaneohe (ne wroad)--—--- 10.7 

Waihole_ 17.7 

Kualoa_ 20.7 

Kahana_ 25.2 

Punaluu_ 27.2 

Hauula- 30.2 

Laie_ 33.2 

Kahuku mill_36.0 

Kahuku ranch- 38.8 

Moanalua_ 3.4 

Kalauao- 7.4 

Ewa church_1- 10.2 

Kipapa-- 13.6 

Kaukonahua_ 20.0 

Leilehua ---------.— 20.0 

Waialua______—-----28.0 

Waimea_ 32.4 

Kahuku ranch...---------. 39.4 

Ewa church- 10.2 

Waipio (Brown’s)....-.-.. 11.2 


39 













































40 


Honolulu Post Office to — 

Miles. 

Hoaeae (Robinson’s)__ 13.5 

Barber’s point, L. H__ 21.5 

Nanakuli_ 23.5 

Waianae plantation_ 29.9 

Kahanahaiki- 36.9 

Kaena point______----42.0 

• « 

Waialua To — 

Kaena point__ 12.0 


HAWAII. 

South Kohala. 

Kawaihae To — 

Puu Ainako_ 4.4 

Puuiki (Spencer’s)_ 7.7 

Waiaka Catholic church__ 9.5 

Puuopule (Parker’s)-_ 10.8 

Waimea courthouse_ 11.8 

Waimea church_ 12.2 

Kukuihaele church_22.1 

Mana (Parker’s)_ 19.5 

Keawewai___'- 6.0 

Puuhue ranch_ 10.0 

Kohala courthouse_ 15.0 

Mahukona_ 11.0 

Napuu_,_ 20.0 

Puako-- 5.9 

Waimea Courthouse to — 

Hamakua boundary_ 4.5 

Kukuihaele mill_ 11.0 

Mana_ 7.7 

Hanaipoe____,__ 15.0 

Keanakolu___I__24.0 

Puakala_ 84.0 

Laumaia_ 36.5 

Humuula sheep station via Laumaia_ 47.5 

Auwaiakekua_ 12.5 

Humuula sheep station_29.0 

Hilo via Humuula station_ 54.0 

Keamuku sheep station_14.0 

Napuu- 22.0 

Keawewai_ 8.0 

Waika-*---- 11.0 

Kahuwa_ 13.0 

Puuhue_ 17.0 

Kohala courthouse_ 21.0 

Mahukona__ 22.0 

Puako.. 12.0 












































41 


Hilo Courthouse through Puna to — 

Miles. 

Keaau. 9.3 

Makuu-. 15.9 

Sand hills, Nanawale______18.5 

Puula_ 21.5 

Kapaho_ 23.0 

Pohoiki (Rycroft’s)__________20.5 

Opihikao_____________29.7 

Kaimu.............37.0 

Kalapana____________ 38.0 

Panau_ 45.0 

Volcano house.. 61.0 

Laupahoehoe Church through Hamakua to — 

Bottom of Kawalii gulch_____________ 2.0 

Ookala (manager’s house)_ 4.0 

Kealakaha gulch__ 6.0 

Kaala church_ 6.8 

Kukaiau gulch_ 8.0 

Horner’s---...----- 8.5 

Catholic church, Kainehe- 9.0 

Notley’s, Paaailo_ 10.5 

Ivaumoali bridge_ 12.5 

Bottom of Kalopa gulch_---- 14.0 

R. A. Lyman’s, Paauhau_ 15.2 

Paauhau church_ 16.3 

Miles’ store, Honokaa- 18.0 

Honokaia church_ 20.5 

Kauikalua gulch_22.0 

Kapulena church-- 23.9 

Waipanihua_ 24.3 

Bicknell’s- 25.8 

Stream at Kukuihaele_26.0 

Edge Waipio____-......26.5 

Bottom Waipio-27.0 

Waimanu (approximate)---------...32.5 

Kukuihale to — 

Waimea (approximate)-----------.-.10.5 

Government Road to — 

Hamaku mill_ 1-5 

Paauhau mill.-.-...-...-. 1-0 

Pacific sugar mill, Kukuihele. 0.7 

Kau Volcano House to — 

Half-way house (Lee’s)- 13-0 

Kapapala.......-.-.-.18-0 

Pahala...-.-.-.-. 23 -° 

Punalu.....-.-.-. 

Honuapo.-...-.-. 32 -0 

Naalehu______-. 

Waiohinu_____ 

Kahuku ranch ......-...-.-.— ^3.1 

16796- 6 
















































42 


Hilo to — 


Miles. 


Volcano___ 

Edge of woods. 

Cocoanut grove- 

Through Ki swamp... 

Hawelu’s half-way house- 

Kanekoa upper half-way house 

Upper woods_ 

Volcano house ... 


4.5 

7.2 

9.2 
14.0 
16.0 
24.0 
30.2 


Kona, KalaJcelcua, to — 

Kiauhou.........'- 

Holualoa..-- 

Kailua---—-- 

Koloko--—-- 

Makalawena .-- 

Kiholo--- 

Ke Ahu a Lono boundary-- 

Puako _ 

Kawaihae_ 

Honaunau _ 

Hookina__ 

Olemlooana--- 

Hupuloa_ 

Boundary of Kau_ 

Flow of ’87___ 

Kahuku ranch-------- 


6.0 

9.6 
12.0 
16.0 

19.6 

27.6 

31.6 

37.4 
42.0 

4.0 

7.7 
15.2 

21.6 
24.8 
32.0 

36.5 


Foreign Church, Kohala, to — 


Edge of Pololu gulch--- 4.0 

Niulii mill..- 2.8 

Dr. Wright’s store, Halawa- 1-6 

Halawa mill-- 1-0 

Hapuu landing-- 2.1 

Dramatic hall-------- 0.4 

Kohala mill_ 0.5 

Kohala mill landing--------- 1.5 

Native church_ 1.0 

Star mill railroad station-----,- 2.5 

Union mill.- 2.2 

Union mill railroad station_ 3.2 

Honomakau- 2.5 

Hind’s, Hawi_ 3.3 

Hawi railroad station_ 4.2 

HonoWipu- 7.3 

Mahukona_ r --- 10.5 

Puuhue ranch...---........... 7.2 












































LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED IN THE FOREGOING REPORT. 


Statesman’s Year Book, 1893. 

Pacific Islands, vol. II, 1891 (The Admiralty Sailing Directions for the Islands of the 
Pacific). 

Volcanoes of Hawaii, Capt. Dutton, U. S. A. 

Lloyd’s Register, 1893. 

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1888. 

American Journal of Medical Sciences, 1883. 

Medical Record, 1889. 

Reports of Board of Health of Hawaiian Legislature, 1882, 1890, 1892. 

Hawaiian Annual, 1893. 

Pacific Coast Commercial Record. 

Vistas of Hawaii. 

New York Tribune, and other journals. 

Data given verbally by Hawaiian Minister, and others. 

Maps and naval charts. 


Prepared in the Adjutant-General’s Office (Military Information Division), 

% 

Under the direction of Major J. B. Babcock, Assistant Adjutant General, 
By Captain George P. Scriven, Signal Corps, 

ASSISTED BY 

Lieutenant J. Y. Mason Blunt, Fifth Cavalry. 


February , 1893. 


43 


O 








130° 


150° 


100 “ 


no 0 


70° 





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180“ 

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no“ 


100 “ 


150“ 


140“ 


130“ 


120 “ 


100 ° 


00 “ 


80“ 


70“ 


00 “ 


50“ 


40“ 


30“ 


h= 5a: 




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(8G8J 


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1888 


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Pleasant, , Ocean & Sydenbai 


Drumnumtl ^ • * Byron 


Botcher* e Hur<i 



I oFtfSniii^ I. 




PROTECTORATE 

1888 


... . rS^Mni. nS-FiX* 1 *"* .n»*Mr 

© ^Ss is^Sf-ty^n • V °4 a. 

‘ ^ '(£ Sp^<'VK>r/<‘ <&£'- ' yc&i liuoAffc 0 * I ,# i- , ’8*.*CruaR 

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latum. ®Mc//ts/t 

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PROTECTORATE 

v \,^nix If 1888 

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1892 

PROTECT 

188 

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NAVAL CHART 


OF THE 

PACIFIC AND WESTERN ATLANTIC 

Territories claimed by England 
Territories claimed by France 
Territories claimed by Germany 


ChonO^' 

o.-i** 6 '; 

li.tiri'i ''.j 

ArcliPf^ 1 S»| 

OLAfclaW'AP^ ■■ 
Vfso* 



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ttrahxba. 


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P 4 OerkeR ** 


50“ 




130“ 


140“ 


150“ 


160“ 


170“ 


180“ 


170° 


j Ml BIWC—' jB a_'JBBP'' felling " min'~ »BL- I—I _^M L'. 

160“ 150“ 140“ 


130“ 


120 “ 


310“ 


hi; |mr :.:iT-~miif-'-: imr nt ^ mr r ■cja_» - ««— im 

100“ 90“ 80“ 


pH ; naB imm; :m» . 

70“ 


60“ 


'rTBiBurr. fflmffliij rn imar- tdt ^ ^M:!,:iii._-M iSii_ iffir^rTEiaiu _ M 

50° 40° 3<y 


60° 


REPRODUCED WITH THE CONSENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 


TMt HOH *IS PtTtM CO.. WOfO-UTHO., WASMIMQTOa. D. C. 






































































































































































































































































. 





























B 


2325 


'2411 

2464 

468 


2420 


M' 


2272 


A 


2408 


$*y 


__ „ "j2« .. 

Pallaii Pt S’ 

3,i^Kawaih.oa Pt c? W z? 


Kali ala Pt 
wiliwtfj ffbr 


G* 


A 

n^ 1 - 


4r 


2468 


2617 


o 


o Kaoila 

fTaluraJ 






r%i ^. 204^V 


2565 
jy. 2>r ox 


Kaena Pt 
-P 

B arber's P t.or Lealo: 



OAHU 

>fc.k i ,p,av M ^i 

N' V N 


2413 

y.bi'.ox 


Makaprm.Pt 34 ’|'f - 

87 3ss «,K 

Te^SS0%e^ 272 357 132 01 7/ 

1580 * .. Lae o ka Laa.u'l'^.J' . 


1Y84 


Karm: 

KA! O KALQHI 


2507 
Tr. ox 


2403 

brox 


2086 

crl~r 


1785 
3.orb 



2 562 

v. bnm.3 




7 Lelervre-i Pt " 


&C. Evun nlrabi 


2875 


“ ' KaLae 


. \ 

^ v' x 


^^U , l|l"U , "|l ( ,/ ///// 

"' l "ll/„ 


2647 ' 

br. ox 


2901 

lava 


30lB' 

br\ox 


0 Href ? 


161 ° 





160 




159 ° 


158 ° 


155 ° 


mnoifrnmTn^nTTiTT 


- 23 ° 


v*R.I0“E 


VAR.9° e 


2650 


20 


- 19 ° 


- 18 ° 


156 ° 


155 ° 




154 ° 


REPRODUCED WITH THE CONSENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 






























































































^*HUHU * 

ranch 


OAHU RAILWAY. 

DISTANCES from HONOLULU DEP( 


UAUIA 




OAHU 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 


MOANALUA .... 

PUULOA . 

'HALAWA . . , 

AIEA. : • 

'KALAUAO ..... 

WAIAU. 

'PEARL CITY .... 

'WAIAWA. 

WAIPIO . 

WAIKELE. 

■HOAEAE . 

'EWA PLANTATION MILL 


Reproduced from Hawaiian. Government Survey 

W. D. ALEXANDER, 

SURVEYOR GENERAL. 




9 MILES 






HONOLULU POST OFFICE TO 


BISHOP'S CORNER(WAIKIK0 
•WAIKIKI VILLA .... 

RACECOURSE .... 
•DIAMONOHEAD . . . . 
KAALAWAI. 


5pg> 


THOMAS SQUARE 
PAWAA CORNERS 
KAMOILIIU. . 
•TELEGRAPH HILL 
•WAIALAE . . . 

•NIU. 

• KOKO HEAD . 
•MAKAPUU . 


WAIMANALO 


• WAIMANALO 


NUUANU BRIDGE . . 
MAUSOLEUM . . . . 
ELECTRIC RESERVOIR 
HONOLULU DAIRY . 

LUAKAHA . 

PALI ... . 

KANEOHE (mew road) . 

WAIAHOLE . . . . 

KUALOA . 

KAHANA . 

PUNALUU . 

HAUULA . 

LAI E. 

KAHUKU MILL . . 
KAHUKU RANCH . . 






K<xpoUJ 

i«Z 


MOANALUA . 

•KALAUAO . 

EWA CHURCH . 

•KIPAPA . 

KAUKONAHUA . 

LEILEHUA . 

•WAIALUA . 

•WAIMEA . 

• KAHUKU RANCH . . 

EWA CHURCH .... 
WAI PIO( BROWN'S) . . 

* HOAEAE (ROBINSON'S) . 

9 BARBERS POINT L.H.. 

* NANAKULI . 

• WAIANAE PLANTATION 


QUARANTINE I 


KALAELOA 


HEAD 


KAHANA MAI Kj 


DIAMOND HEAD 


kaena point 


U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
I58*20‘ 


I5«*I5 


158*10- 


ANNUAL REPORT 1883 PL. XXVH1 


>57*53’ 


♦ SHOW* QN MAP. 


158*20* >58*18 


|55*|0‘ 


ISB'OS* 


158*00' 


157*55* 


157*50' 


157 * 40 * 


157*45' 


Additions by C H.Ourun.aL, Fish. ■ 
Mf IiiMry in fori n <3 {ion. Division, AGO, 


REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE DIRECTOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 








































































































































. 










































































U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
58*1 

NORTH ROHM A FoHIlCH OtUi CH 
Hon ala to 
ER6E OF POLOLU GULCH . Lf.Oi? 

» A '/UUl MUL . 2 .80 

'DrWHUir'S STORt HAlAviA . I IS 

HALAWA MILL . l 6s 

HAPt/U LANDING . 2JS 

ORAMAT/C HALL HA IOR/HI 
HOHALA MUL .... 

KOHALA MILL LANDING 
NATIVE CHURCH. . . 

STAR MILL R.R.STATION 

UNION NULL . 

UNION MILL RR STATION 

Honqmakau . . . 

• Hinds. Hawi . , . 

HAN! R.R. STATION 

* HONO/PU . 

•MAHUKONA .... 

• PVUHUE RANCH 

SOUTH KOHALA- 
' Nanaihae ro 
PUUAINANO . . . , 

RUUIKI SPINCIRS . 

• tNA/ANA. CATHOLIC CH \ 

PUUOPULE Parker's . 

NA/MEA COOPTHOUSC 
UYA/NfFA CHURCH. . 

Kl/MOlHAf/S CHURCH . _ 

MAN A . PARKERS . . . /«.. 

NCAA'StrAt . . *1 

* puuhue Ranch . . 

NORAi A COURT HOUSE. /£$ 

MAHUKONA . HO 

NARUU . 20-C 

* POANO . SO 


ANNUAL REPORT 1883 PL. IV 


UroIu. Pt. 


HAM AMU A BOUNDARY 

kukuihaele m/ll . 

MAN A . 

HAN A/POE. . 
KCANAKOLU 

«A — 


WA/MEA COURT HOUSE TO 
MHJ 5 !NltR 


M £ To 

• lo.V 7*3 N LA WE Wa / . Q.O 


* yjj-jpi?'* Hum out a sen 


Ho not pu 


!o 2 /o 


TuAHALA . 

• LAUMAIA . .... 

HUMUULA SHEEP ST'N 

v*+LAUMA/A . 47.6 H O 

AUWAIAKEKUA . . /2.S 

HUMUULA SHEEP SEN. 2/0 /6S 


24.0 

34.0 

36.S 


- \WEWA! . 

% WAlHA . H.O 3.0 

•%uuhu£ }j% 40 

'>% > A H H A u‘-to£% J " T HOU5C ii°o J -° 
•puako . . ; ; : /to 


■ TH /TOUCH HAMAKUA .— 
LAUPAHOCHOC CMUHCH TO 
HAWMII COLCH BOTTOPI . 
OOHALA .MAHAC/HtHOUSC . 
KCALAKAHA OOLCH . , 

• XAALA CMUHCH . . 

HUHA/AU OUICH 


HOHNCHS . \ 

fKSSS/fif 


(.AI ME HE . 




•KEAUHOU .... 

HOLUALOA. . . . 

• KAILUA . 

koloko . . 

Nt ANUA LONO ONUT . 3'/.6 AO 

• pUAKO . 3/4 SB 


KONA - KEA L A KEKUA TO 


6.0 
/6 3.6 
12.0 2.4 
16.0 40 
6 3.6 


•KAWAlHAE 
♦HONAUNAU 
HOOKCNA . 
QLELOMOANA . ! 
hoopuloa .... 

BOUNDARY OF KAU 
TLOW OF JQS7 

• kahuku Ranch \ 


■MS, 
iiklii 

: i a h 

: MS is 


KAUMOAL/ SHI DON *. 

BOTTOM MALOPA GULCH 
R.A.LYMAN'S. PAAUHAU . 
PAAUHAU CUURCH . 

WA / PANE HU A . 

B/C KNELLS . . 

■ 72&Wf5 u,H . ACL *- 

■ BOTTOM VVAIPIO . \ 

WA/MANU e) 

kunu/haele to wa/a 

(**ritOKIMATt) . 

GOV'T ROAD TO HAMA/fUA MILL*. Y.S 
’> p» PAAUHAU M/LL. /. O 

•» n PAC/F/CSUCAR 

NULL, NUKU/HAELE . . O.J 


. UO 
. 26S 

:US 



AdcVMjons by C. H. Ourasud. h US}/. 

Mth-Ury Information Division, A G O. 


REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE DIRECTOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 















































































































U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


ANNUAL REPORT ]883 PL. XXTV 



AcULitutns by C. H OurancL. Fe. & • • 

Military Informal ion. Division, A C.O. 


j^f?ROI)^TT^l^^n<MTsSIO^OFTHEnTRE^m^^^GEO LOGICAL SURVEY. 









































































































































■ 


















































































































































































































































































































































» I A 




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